| |
Feather
Meal Composition
|
| 234 |
Broiler
age affects the amino acid composition
of feathers. Histidine, Lysine and
Methionine feather contents were particularly
high at 14 days. Compositions were
fairly constant from 28 to 112 days
of age. No significant strain or sex
differences were noted.
|
| 214 |
An
excellent review of feather meal processing
detailing how processing affects composition
and digestibility of feather meal.
|
| 274 |
The
typical assay for amino acids uses a
performic acid oxidation followed by
acid hydrolysis in 6NHCL. 95% of lanthionine
sulfone may be converted to cysteic acid
by heating. Therefore feather meal cystine
may be overestimated and lanthionine
underestimated.
|
| 293 |
A
comparison of feather and blood meals
from two different sources in Maryland.
|
| 296 |
An
excellent paper on the amino acid composition
and pepsin digestibility of feather meal
samples processed with different temperatures
and moisture levels over time. Generally,
longer times resulted in increased digestibility,
but less methionine and cystine. For
some reason, histidine and lysine contents
appeared to increase with time.
|
| 314 |
In
vivo assay of cystine availability in
feather meal. Five commercial samples
varied in sulfur amino acid content from
0.92% to 4.01% (DM) and from 41% to 82%
availability. Available sulfur containing
amino acid content was inversely related
to pepsin digestibility.
|
| 351 |
The
classic paper in this area. Five feather
meal samples were analyzed. Analyses
were by microbiological methods except
tryptophan.
|
|
Feather
Meal Digestibility (Back
to Top.)
|
| 22 |
In
vitro and in situ techniques were used
to evaluate feather meal processed under
different conditions. Under the best
conditions, the pepsin digestibility
of feather meal was 89.3% compared to
82.3% for soybean meal and 98.5% for
egg white protein. The authors conclude
that this technique, using ammonia, could
double the digestibility (and value)
of feather meal. However, a direct comparison
of commercial samples and samples prepared
using the ammonia pressurization/depressurization
technique was not made.
|
| 23 |
Review
article. This is an excellent article
discussing the potential for microbial
enzymes to process feathers instead of
current hydrothermal methods. The paper
concludes with suggestions for furthering
biotechnological approaches fro processing
feathers, pointing out problems that
need to be overcome. The authors conclude "the
microbial enzyme technology to low-energy-consuming
and environmentally friendly", but
that remains to be seen and will only
work if yields are acceptable.
|
| 78 |
Key
paper. Excellent research and important
conclusion: "The heterogeneous behaviour
of the individual response criteria to
the different processing variables leads
to the conclusion that the processing
conditions of feather meal can only be
optimized after defining criteria by
which the product will be judged".
A series of equations were developed
showing what happens to feather meal
composition as functions of time and
processing conditions. Basically, the
conditions to maximize pepsin digestibility
are not the same as those to maximize
the amounts of digestible amino acids.
|
| 104 |
As
the authors state: "From our results,
it cannot be determined whether the MMI,
IIV, or IS technique best predicted in
vivo RUP or animal response". However,
the results of the three particular experimental
methods they used gave similar results
and were highly correlated. The authors
conclude that because pepsin digestibility
of the feather meal samples were low,
feather meal may not be useful as a source
of rumen indigestible protein. However,
pepsin digestibility of feather meal
was actually higher than soybean meal;
but that was before the samples were
digested modified by rumen microorganisms
anyway.
|
| 146 |
This
paper is very similar to paper 78, but
no data as included. It probably refers
to the data in paper 78.
|
| 173 |
A
combination of 40% urea with 60% feather
meal met or exceeded results obtained
with soybean meal for in vivo and in
vitro tests.
|
| 203 |
Another
study comparing methods: pepsin-pancreatin
combinations vs. rumen fluid from a steer
vs. in vivo digestibility by sheep. Good
correlations were found among the methods
studied. The critical question of how
big a difference in ingredient quality
could be detected by the in vitro methods
and how big would the effect or performance,
is not addressed.
|
| 268 |
A
follow-up to paper 78 in which different
conditions (longer processing time) were
found to optimize feather meal composition.
Any reason for the differences was not
discussed and is not obvious.
|
| 5002 |
This
is a paper on the Stord Bartz Feathrolizer,
which reportedly gives processed product
with the same composition as batch processors
except for methionine and cystine. The
paper says twice as much methionine and
cystine (total) is present in feather
meal produced using the Stord Bartz Featrolyzer.
An interesting point made is that excessive
cystine degradation occurs if feathers
are processed to give pepsin digest abilities
above 70% (using 0.2% pepsin).
|
| 5003 |
This
paper contains a table giving analytical
data on lysine, methionine, cystine and
pepsin digest abilities of feather meal
samples from 1961 to 1987. Available
total sulfur containing amino acids ranged
from 11 to 95%. The paper points out
that pepsin digestibility in the range
of 65 - 75% may indicate maximum nutritional
value if low hydrolyzing pressure was
used and the meal were not over dried.
|
|
Feather
Meal for Young Cattle (Back
to Top.)
|
| 84 |
Cattle
fed molasses containing feather meal
had faster gains, and heifers had heavier
live weights at breeding and higher pregnancy
rates than cattle fed molasses and urea.
There was an advantage to combining blood
and feather meals.
|
| 253 |
This
recent study utilized hen feathers, the
composition of which is given. In vitro
and in situ digest abilities of feather
meal and feather and blood meal are given.
|
| 206 |
This
economic study concludes that feeding
feather meal in place of soybean meal
or urea may be worthwhile. By feeding
75% feather meal and 25% urea, $15.47
extra profit per calf was achieved.
|
| 85 |
Very
nice study conducted in two separate
years to show consistency of responses
and variability that might be expected.
When blood and feather meal was added
to molasses slurries, growing cattle
performed better than when a comparable
amount of soybean meal was added. Increases
were 50 - 80 g per day, a considerable
amount over the approximately 100 day
growing periods.
|
| 80 |
In
this study feather meal was fed to steers
as part of an animal by-products supplement
with blood and meat and bone meal. The
animal by-products supplement was fed
at different levels. The steers responded
nicely to the supplements. However, the
statistical analysis is brief and quite
incomplete; at least considering that
it would have been very nice to have
equations from the data to calculate
the expected returns from feeding different
levels of the supplement. With prediction
equations it would be possible to calculate
the point of economic efficiency with
different cost and return scenarios.
|
| 81 |
Feather
meal supplements were as good as or better
than cottonseed meal supplements for
promoting growth in steers. Responses
to both protein sources were linear,
indicating a maximum growth plateau had
not been reached. Feather meal and cottonseed
meal were fed as part of liquid cane
molasses-based supplements. Steers main
source of feed was ammoniated hay.
|
| 95 |
Feather
meal was supplemented to large frame
finishing cattle as part of a 60:40 blood
to feather meal combination. The trial
lasted 199 days. During the first 41
days, calves supplemented with the urea,
blood, feather meal combination were
more efficient than those given urea
alone. After 41 days, no differences
between urea and the combination were
observed.
|
| 97 |
Results
of a single study are presented, a 2
x 2 x 8 factorial with empty cells and
significant interactions. Unfortunately,
only main effect means are presented.
The authors conclude that supplementing
with soybean meal, feather meal and urea,
or bone meal, feather meal and urea is
better than supplementing with feather
meal and urea. Of course the conclusions
are based on the particular amounts that
they fed and do not necessarily reflect
feeding levels that would maximize profits
under any particular circumstances.
|
| 98 |
An
interesting series of studies on feather
meal blood meal and tryptophan for growing
calves. Apparent digest abilities of
feather meal, soybean meal, blood meal
and meat and bone meal were similar,
but results are based on single samples
with no indication of variability. Gains
were better for feather meal supplements
than for meat and bone meal, a feather
meal/meat and bone meal combination,
or for soybean meal.
|
| 99 |
This
study only used levels of feather meal
to produce different growth rates to
compare with plasma amino acid levels.
It is quite fascinating that plasma histidine
and lysine plateaued at different feather
meal intakes. The authors conclude that
lysine must be the first limiting amino
acid, but data showing a relationship
between lysine intake and performance
is not presented.
|
| 131 |
This
paper reports results from three trials
with growing calves. Feather meal and
urea, and feather meal, blood and urea
supplements were compared to urea alone,
or soybean meal. In two-thirds calves
fed soybean meal did better than all
others for the first month, but there
were no treatment effects thereafter.
The authors conclude there is no advantage
to feeding escape protein compared to
urea alone. These calves were in feedlots
and fed diets based primarily on rolled
corn (approximately 80%), corn silage
(5%) and alfalfa hay (5%).
|
| 142 |
In
this study growing calves need escape
protein supplements to maximize productivity
on pasture. Feather meal was a minor
component of the escape protein supplement,
which was based on soybean meal.
|
| 188 |
Equivalent
results between feeding soybean meal
or a soybean meal/feather meal supplement
were found in two trials with steer calves.
However, in a third trial with heifer
calves, when 9 or 19% of the supplement
was feather meal, performance was reduced.
The steer trials had diets containing
corn silage and high moisture corn (Trial
1) or high moisture ear corn (Trial 3),
but the heifers received a corn silage
and cracked corn based diet. Reason for
different results is not obvious although
there are many possibilities due to uncontrolled
factors between trials.
|
| 255 |
Hen
feather meal was fed to calves from 7
to 120 days of age as 30, 60 or 100%
of a supplement. No differences in calf
growth were noted except that calves
fed the 30% feather meal diet tended
to perform better than the others.
|
| 259 |
Holstein
steers fed low protein forage (4.8%)
were supplemented with various mixtures
of rumen degradable and undegradable
protein. Feeding feather meal nicely
increased dry matter intake and organic
matter digestion. Unfortunately, no body
weight gain data were given. The dry
matter intake response was measured at
different amounts of the supplements,
so it isn't clear if more feather meal
would result in performance equal to
the amount of soybean meal fed.
|
| 288 |
Poultry,
blood and feather meals were compared
as protein supplements for dairy heifers
fed corn silage. No differences were
found among the poultry by-products blends
and soybean meal, fish meal or meat and
bone meal. In this study the diets were
available for ad libitum consumption.
|
| 143 |
This
study used lambs and calves to determine
optimum hydrolyzing time for poultry
feather meal and feather meal and blood
meal combinations. Eighteen minutes was
better than 12 or 15 minutes of hydrolysis
for maximizing ruminal escape protein,
although the authors concluded there
were no nutritionally important effects.
No differences in calf response were
noted due to different combinations of
feather and blood meals. The authors
recommend using small amounts of blood
meal with feather meal supplements.
|
| 308 |
A
complicated study with a factorial design
not presented or analyzed particularly
well. One learns in the Results and Discussion
that the feather meal used contains 10%
blood. Supplementing feather meal for
soybean meal resulted in better growth,
regardless of whether estradiol was fed.
|
| 318 |
This
paper describes two experiments with
feeding feather meal to cattle - one
with milking cows and the other with
Holstein calves. The cow diets were based
on corn silage, corn, alfalfa hay and
soybean meal. Calf diets were based on
ground corn and rolled oats. Feather
meal lowered dry matter intake, but not
milk production, indicating an increase
in feed efficiency. Calves fed 5 (but
not 8) % feather meal grew better during
the 8 to 12 week stage, suggesting a
longer adaptation period for calves,
or amino acid requirements changed as
the birds aged.
|
| 319 |
This
is a review article by Sarah Muirhead
in Feedstuffs Magazine. Daily gains were
excellent for feather meal fed cattle
in Perdue studies reviewed. This is an
interesting article in that cost comparisons
of various protein supplements are presented.
|
| 4005 |
A
demonstration of how well growing calves
do when supplemented with feather meal
or feather and blood meals. Calculations
of cost per unit gain are made for several
supplements including soybean and sunflower
meals. Feather meal compares very favorably.
|
| 4006 |
Growing
cattle fed a mixture of feather meal
and broiler litter grew just as well
as those fed soybean meal. Why cattle
performed better when fed broiler litter
than when fed feather meal is not clear.
Cost comparisons are needed to decide
which supplements would be the most economical.
|
| 4011 |
A
thorough study comparing urea, blood
meal and feather meal supplements to
soybean meal for finishing cattle. The
authors conclude that feather meal can
be used to insure that finishing cattle
suffer no protein deficiencies. The carcass
fat and quality measurements are very
interesting and producers should add
their own costs to such data to determine
the point of economic efficiency.
|
| 4016 |
Industry
Summary Only - Large study with 816 calves
fed alfalfa hay and rolled corn. Feather
meal supplements were just as good as
soybean meal, and both were better than
urea alone. The authors concluded "the
long term use of feather meal in receiving,
growing and finishing supplements appears
to be very favorable."
|
| 4018 |
Industry
Summary Only - Results of this study
indicate that methionine is the limiting
nutrient for cattle in poultry by-product
meal or meat and bone meal combinations
with feather meal. Calves fed feather
meal performed better than those fed
soybean meal or poultry by-product meal.
The poultry meal is apparently of low
value for ruminants because of its low
by-pass valve.
|
| 4019 |
Industry
Summary Only - Results of two trials
with mixed results: Feather meal was
a superior supplement to urea in both
trials, however, feather meal and blood
was better than feather meal alone in
molasses-based supplement for steers
in one trial but not the other.
|
| 4022 |
Industry
Summary Only - Very interesting study
on the responses of steers to feather
and blood meals for calves from weaning
to finishing. In two different years,
responses to protein supplements were
dependent on the energy source fed: dry
rolled corn or dry rolled corn plus wet
corn gluten feed. The authors conclude
that escape protein supplementation may
be necessary to ensure maximum performance.
|
| 4025 |
Industry
Summary Only - Feather meal and sunflower
meal supplements were compared to soybean
meal supplements for cornstalk grazing
cows and calves. Soybean meal fed cattle
did slightly better than feather meal
and sunflower meal supplemented ones.
The differences were apparently due to
chance and the authors conclude that "sunflower/feather
meal is an acceptable alternative to
soybean meal "… for calves
and cattle grazing cornstalks."
|
| 4034 |
Industry
Summary Only - In two trials with growing
calves, it was shown that feather meal
can provide more than half the sulfur-containing
amino acids lacking in blood meal. Extra
supplemental methionine further improved
performance.
|
| 4037 |
Results
of two trials with young cattle demonstrated
that feather meal could be used to increase
pregnancy rates and expected profitability.
|
| 5005 |
In
these studies, no differences were observed
in protein digestion or efficiency of
utilization between feather meal and
blood combinations, and soybean meal.
Mature steers and growing lambs and calves
were used in the trials. Blood and hydrolyzed
feather meal supplements gave excellent
results, although the precise economic
value of feather and blood meal combinations
are unknown.
|
| 17 |
The
slope-ratio technique was used to compare
protein sources for growing calves. Protein
efficiency was greater for feather meal
than for poultry by-product meal or for
blends. Ruminally protected methionine
and lysine were not effective for increasing
the utilization of either product or
their blends when fed with soy hulls.
When given the same dry matter intakes,
gains were much better for the poultry
products than for soybean meal or soy
hulls and urea.
|
|
Digestibility
of Feather Meal for Young Cattle (Back
to Top.)
|
| 5005 |
In
these studies, no differences were observed
in protein digestion or efficiency of
utilization between feather meal and
blood combinations, and soybean meal.
Mature steers and growing lambs and calves
were used in the trials. Blood and hydrolyzed
feather meal supplements gave excellent
results, although the precise economic
value of feather and blood meal combinations
are unknown.
|
| 73 |
Feather
meal was shown to be a good source cystine,
better than blood or meat and bone meals.
Feather meal and methionine were positive
additions to meat and bone meal supplements
for growing calves fed 44% sorghum silage,
44% corn cobs and 12% supplement.
|
| 141 |
Feather
meal was used as part of an undegradable
intake protein blend for Holstein steers.
This blend did not improve the efficiency
of dietary nitrogen utilization when
it was added to corn based diets.
|
| 143 |
Excellent
study showing no differences in the hydrolysis
time of feather meal (between 10 and
18 minutes) or nutritional quality. Further,
to maximize biological efficiency, 12.5%
blood meal can be added to feather meal
for growing calves.
|
| 145 |
Studies
of ruminal in situ digestion of feather
meal were combined with growth trials
to evaluate feather meal as a protein
source for growing calves. The data demonstrate
that feather meal is a digestible, high
escape protein source that is useful
in diets for growing ruminants.
|
| 193 |
This
was a small, short term (7 day) metabolism
study with Hereford steer calves in which
soybean meal was compared to feather
and hair meals as supplements. Protein
source had no effect on nitrogen retention,
yet there were different amounts of fecal
and urinary nitrogen from the different
sources, and more of the absorbed nitrogen
was retained by feather meal fed steers.
The authors conclude that feeding feather
and hair meals may depress feed intake,
but data to support that conclusion is
lacking. The data presented indicates
a small, non-significant positive effect
of feather meal on feed intake.
|
|
Feather
Meal for Mature Cattle (Back
to Top.)
|
| 20 |
Very
interesting study on the first-limiting
amino acid(s) for milk production for
cows fed grass silage diets supplemented
with barley, citrus pulp and 1.25 kg/day
feather meal. Histidine, methionine and
lysine were all limiting milk production,
but the first limiting varied among experiments.
The influence of amino acids was measured
by responses in milk output to jugular
infusion.
|
| 21 |
Another
study utilizing jugular infusion of amino
acids to determine the first limiting
amino acid for cows given grass silage
based diets with cereal and feather meal
supplements. Histidine was the first
limiting amino acid and supplementing
blood meal (rich in histidine) to the
diet had effects similar to jugular infusion.
|
| 26 |
First
paper in this series. Intravenous infusion
of amino acids increased milk production
by 26%. The technique and results have
important implications for the choice
of complementary proteins and amino acids
to supplement any diet, and particularly
those with feather meal.
|
| 103 |
A
single experiment paper describing results
from feeding 48 Holstein cows. A supplement
of feather and blood meals (85:15) increased
the production of milk protein solids
and solids corrected milk when fed with
a 17.6% crude protein diet, but not a
19.6% CP diet. The basal diets contained
50% alfalfa silage and 50% of a mixture
of corn, soybean meal and vitamin and
minerals, and either 0 or 4% of the feather
and blood meal supplement.
|
| 106 |
In
these experiments, soybean meal, fish
meal or a blend of 30% corn gluten meal,
30% poultry by-product meal, 30% blood
meal and 10% feather meal was fed with
corn silage, alfalfa haylage, corn and
barley. The paper indicates a 3 x 3 Latin
square with 6 and 4 replications. Presumably
the replications are individual cows.
No differences between supplements were
found in milk production or component
yields. In one experiment dry matter
intake was reduced by the blend; since
milk output wasn't affected, efficiency
must have been increased. The authors
speculate they'd have had different results
if corn silage had been the main forage
instead of alfalfa. Perhaps, but since
few differences were detected, a discussion
of the power of the experiment would
have been appropriate.
|
| 109 |
A
supplement of feather meal: blood meal
(85:15) fed at 3% increased conception
rates and the fat corrected milk yield
of Holstein cows. The diets were based
on alfalfa haylage and corn silage. The
supplement increased fat corrected milk
yield by 500 to 600 grams per day (over
1 pound).
|
| 113 |
Another
study in which dietary treatments had
no significant effects on the milk production
or dry matter intake of 32 Holstein cows
from 5 to 19 weeks of lactation. Hydrolyzed
feather and blood meal (3:1) were fed
at 5 and 1.7% of all the diets respectively.
Performance was very good.
|
| 115 |
Hydrolyzed
feather meal and blood meal (1:1) were
fed as sources of undegradable protein
in high fat diets for cows in early lactation.
The supplemental protein increased milk
fat percentage, but not the amount of
milk produced. This paper contains very
good data for modeling the economics
of adding feather and blood meals to
dairy rations.
|
| 116 |
In
contrast to the previous paper (115),
no positive responses to adding feather
and blood meals to lactating cows was
observed in this study (according to
the authors). However, feather meal was
substituted into the diets at the expense
of soybean meal, and there were no blood
meal/feather meal combinations fed. Since
differences were not detected, the magnitude
of potential detectable differences is
important but not found in the paper.
|
| 119 |
Another
study in which feather meal and corn
were substituted for soybean meal in
the diets of lactating diary cows. Three
% feather meal increased milk production
by 7 pounds per day but 6% feather meal
had no effect. Feather meal by protein
level interactions make it difficult
to predict when feather meal might be
economically fed. This study should be
considered preliminary.
|
| 182 |
Cows
were fed soybean meal or a mixture of
meat and bone meal, poultry, blood, and
feather meals. Milk production was not
effected by the treatments. There was
only one pen of cows per treatment. An
estimate of Model II error, how big a
difference could have been detected by
the experiment would have been helpful.
|
| 189 |
A
very interesting research note showing
that it is necessary to have an adaptation
period when adding feather meal to dairy
rations. Without an adaptation period,
dry matter intake was quickly reduced.
This raises serious questions about using
short term experiments to evaluating
feather meal for cows.
|
| 255 |
Hen
feather meal was fed to calves from 7
to 120 days of age as 30, 60 or 100%
of a supplement. No differences in calf
growth were noted except that calves
fed the 30% feather meal diet tended
to perform better than the others.
|
| 318 |
This
paper describes two experiments with
feeding feather meal to cattle - one
with milking cows and the other with
Holstein calves. The cow diets were based
on corn silage, corn, alfalfa hay and
soybean meal. Calf diets were based on
ground corn and rolled oats. Feather
meal lowered dry matter intake, but not
milk production, indicating an increase
in feed efficiency. Calves fed 5 (but
not 8) % feather meal grew better during
the 8 to 12 week stage, suggesting a
longer adaptation period for calves,
or amino acid requirements changed as
the birds aged.
|
| 4001 |
Industry
summary only - A study with total mixed
rations for cows. Feather meal at 3 or
6% was helpful for cows fed 14% (but
not 18%) protein.
|
| 4002 |
This
is a single page summary that concludes: "The
data are consistent with a need to feed
higher quantities of UIP in early lactation
in diets with recommended levels of fiber".
The actual amounts of feather and blood
meals (or other diet ingredients) were
not presented
|
| 4012 |
Industry
Summary Only - This paper studied feather
meal and fat interactions. Two and one-half%
feather meal was helpful as long as fat
was also added to the diet.
|
| 4020 |
Industry
Summary Only - Very little specific data
on cows or conditions used. It is emphasized
that too much or too little by-products
can inhibit performance.
|
| 4021 |
Industry
Summary Only - In the first study, feather
meal and blood meal were substituted
into dairy rations at 16% crude protein.
Milk yields were lower in cows fed the
animal by-products, but the authors concluded
the study was invalid because there was
no appropriate statistical test. In a
second study, no statistical differences
were found in intake; milk production
results weren't mentioned.
|
| 4022 |
Industry
Summary Only - Very interesting study
on the responses of steers to feather
and blood meals for calves from weaning
to finishing. In two different years,
responses to protein supplements were
dependent on the energy source fed: dry
rolled corn or dry rolled corn plus wet
corn gluten feed. The authors conclude
that escape protein supplementation may
be necessary to ensure maximum performance.
|
| 4024 |
Very
interesting and well described study
of cows fed a control diet or feather
meal on a commercial farm. Unfortunately
diet information, even how much feather
meal was fed, was not given. Basically,
there was no effect of feather meal on
milk production, but feather meal increased
milk protein and decreased milk fat.
If data from cows more than 280 days
postpartum was omitted, then milk fat
also increased. If cows starting the
trial less than 30 days postpartum were
eliminated from the data set, then there
were no significant differences in milk
fat or protein. Data suggest it is important
to know what part of the milking cycle
cows are in when analyzing experiments.
|
| 4023 |
Another
study where cows were fed feather meal,
or not, on a large commercial farm. Unfortunately
no diet or treatment differences were
given. The overall conclusion was that
there were no differences in performance
of cows fed feather meal or a control
diet.
|
| 4026 |
Industry
Summary Only - An 85:15 feather meal:
blood meal supplement increased milk
production and protein when fed with
a 17.5 but not 19.6% crude protein diet.
Cows were in early lactation and fed
alfalfa silage. The authors conclude
that milk producers can feed less protein
if a feather meal: blood meal supplement
included in the ration.
|
| 4027 |
Industry
Summary Only - No details of the trials
were given. The authors concluded that
feather meal cystine will not improve
milk production or composition in methionine-limiting
diets.
|
| 4035 |
A
field trial in which 1 pound per head
per day of feather meal was fed to fresh
cows (less than 14 d postpartum) for
four months. Cows produced 2.3 pounds
more milk per day when feather meal was
fed. The diets were based on alfalfa
hay, ground corn, cottonseed, beet pulp,
coastal hay, soybean meal and dry brewer's
grains.
|
| 4008 |
Industry
Summary Only - Feather meal supplemented
cows gave the same amount of milk as
soybean meal fed cows, and on less total
feed intake. The authors saw this as
a potential problem, perhaps assuming
dairymen would associate lower consumption
with lower production. This is not logical
if their trial truly was powerful enough
to demonstrate no differences in performance.
Milk protein was reduced by feeding feather
meal, perhaps due to protein quality.
|
|
Digestibility
of Feather Meal for Mature Cattle (Back
to Top.)
|
| 29 |
A
short study with 8 cows in a Latin square
design with 3 weeks on trial. Cows given
feather meal showed an increase in milk
fat, and lower concentrations of some
plasma amino acids. The key to this paper
is that grass silage was fed.
|
| 59 |
Protein
degradability of several feedstuffs was
measured by the in situ nylon bag method.
The protein degradability of feather
meal was found to be 29.1%, compared
to 8.8% for corn gluten meal and 51.9%
for meat and bone meal.
|
| 112 |
Ruminal
flow was measured in cows with ruminal
and duodenal cannulas. The basal diet
was 10% chopped alfalfa hay and 40% corn
silage. One-third of the supplemental
protein from a mixture of 3:1 feather
meal to blood meal maximized the flow
of non-ammonia and non-microbial nitrogen.
|
| 117 |
Feather
meal was fed to Holstein cows as part
of an "animal protein" supplement
with meat and bone meal and blood meal.
Only main effect means are presented.
Animal by-products decreased milk protein
from 3.00 to 2.91%, although there was
no significant difference in kg protein
produced per day.
|
| 118 |
A
mixture of hydrolyzed feather meal and
blood meal (1:1) was fed to cows to study
the influence of "high undegradable
protein" on diets with and without
5% added fat. Blood and feather meals
were added to sugar beet pulp based diets
at the expense peas. 18.6% of the feather
meal was degraded in the rumen. There
were only 4 cows and they had two different
types of duodenal canulas. 63.8 And 98.9%
of the feather and blood meals, respectively,
were degraded in the small intestine.
Milk production and fat were unaffected
by the treatments.
|
| 124 |
Feather
meal degradation was measured in three
ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein
cows. 56.2% of the feather meal was undegraded
in the rumen. No performance data were
presented.
|
| 144 |
Blood
and feather meal combinations were fed
to crossbreed Hereford by Angus crossbred
steers in a growth trial, lambs in a
digestion trial. Two mature Hereford
by Angus ruminally cannulated steers
were also used for an in situ digestion
study. Total digestibility was similar
for soybean meal, blood meal and a blood
and feather meal mixture. The paper presents
evidence that blood should not be added
to feathers before hydrolysis. Indications
of variability in the results are lacking,
so it is not always clear if observed
differences are meaningful.
|
| 196 |
An
interesting study of four lactating cows
with canulas in the rumen, duodenum and
ileum. Cows were fed a 50% grain mixture
with 40% corn silage and 10% alfalfa
pellets. The combination of blood and
hydrolyzed feather meal increased the
intestinal supply and absorption of amino
acids, compared to soybean meal.
|
| 4015 |
Abstract
only: This study is not really about
feather or blood meals since they were
in the basal diet, but there were no
controls. The study is a 2 x 2 factorial
with two levels of urea and two levels
of a fat supplement. All cows performed
the same.
|
|
Feather
Meal for Lambs and Sheep (Back
to Top.)
|
| 86 |
A
feather meal and corn gluten meal mixture
was one of the protein supplements for
lambs fed freshly harvested wheat forage.
An interesting study because results
were different in two trials depending
on maturity of the wheat forage used
(if this was truly the only difference).
In any case the feather meal based supplement
performed as well as those based on cottonseed
meal and corn gluten meal.
|
| 90 |
Feather
meal replaced 33, 66 or 100% of soybean
(weight basis) in supplements to growing
wethers fed chopped barley straw. The
authors conclude that feather meal can
be substituted for soybean meal, but
the lambs fed feather meal performed
better. A more logical conclusion should
have been that soybean meal is a poor
substitute for feather meal for lambs.
|
| 111 |
Another
study in which feather meal was substituted
for soybean meal, and lambs performed
better on the feather meal. The diets
included corn silage and grass hay (whatever
that is). This study makes it clear that
responses to protein are dependent on
the energy level fed.
|
| 125 |
Another
study with growing lambs where soybean
meal was a poor substitute for a feather
and blood meal combination. Diets were
barley based. Lack of detailed statistical
analysis and excessive use of abbreviations
make this work difficult to understand.
|
| 152 |
Classic
paper with lambs fed finishing rations
based on Timothy or Brome hay and shelled
corn. Feather meal was substituted for
soybean meal in the protein supplements.
There were no replications in any of
the 3 trials and no statistical analysis
reported. In 4 of 6 trials, better gains
were realized in lambs fed feather meal.
|
| 166 |
An
excellent paper, particularly because
they used feather meals of different
qualities and were very careful to characterize
the differences with chemical analyses
and in vitro tests. Feather meal was
shown to by-pass the rumen and compared
very favorably to cottonseed meal as
a protein source for lambs.
|
| 202 |
Another
well characterized study in which feather
meal was shown to be a better protein
supplement for lambs than cottonseed
meal. Increasing the relative proportion
of dietary roughage decreased the utilization
of the concentrates.
|
| 312 |
Feather
meal by itself was compared to other
protein supplements in experiment with
lambs fed an alfalfa hay, grain sorghum
and oats-based diet (10:78:10). There
was no indication of variation in the
parameters or adequate statistical analyses
presented. Lambs fed feather meal performed
about as those fed cottonseed meal. Some
indication of Type II error (how big
a difference could the experiment detect)
would have been helpful.
|
| 313 |
Abstract:
Lambs fed ground feathers performed just
as well as those fed soybean meal.
|
| 4009 |
This
work later published: see reference #90.
|
| 4039 |
This
work later published: see reference #144.
|
| 5005 |
In
these studies, no differences were observed
in protein digestion or efficiency of
utilization between feather meal and
blood combinations, and soybean meal.
Mature steers and growing lambs and calves
were used in the trials. Blood and hydrolyzed
feather meal supplements gave excellent
results, although the precise economic
value of feather and blood meal combinations
are unknown.
|
|
Digestibility
of Feather Meal for Lambs and Sheep (Back
to Top.)
|
| 105 |
Results
of a single feeding study are presented
with lambs given two kinds of hay and
two supplements: soybean meal or a mixture
of corn gluten, feather and blood meals.
Many biochemical measurements were taken
but no performance data are presented
to compare them to. A few interactions
were found for urea and ammonia nitrogen
flux was found, but their significance
is not clear.
|
| 143 |
This
study used lambs and calves to determine
optimum hydrolyzing time for poultry
feather meal and feather meal and blood
meal combinations. Eighteen minutes was
better than 12 or 15 minutes of hydrolysis
for maximizing ruminal escape protein,
although the authors concluded there
were no nutritionally important effects.
No differences in calf response were
noted due to different combinations of
feather and blood meals. The authors
recommend using small amounts of blood
meal with feather meal supplements.
|
| 229 |
A
very small experiment utilizing only
two wethers to study the effects of feather
meal on rumen fluid characteristics (compared
to liquefied fish and cottonseed meals).
The feeding of liquefied fish resulted
in increased rumen fluid ammonia compared
to feather meal.
|
| 233 |
The
influence of stem treating feathers with
NaOH or H3PO4 on feather meal digestion
was determined. The authors concluded
that either the base or the acid could
be used to decrease feather processing
time. The base was much more effective.
|
|
Feather
Meal for Swine (Back
to Top.)
|
| 58 |
Feather
meal plus lysine was evaluated as a substitute
for soybean meal in swine diets. Although
pigs fed up to 9% feather meal grew as
well as controls, feeding higher levels
resulted in slower growth but better
carcasses (more lean). The pigs fed only
3% feather meal gained better than controls,
but no statistical comparison is presented.
In order to be very meaningful the authors
need to present data on how big a difference
could have been detected by their experiment.
Feather meal at 9% may be acceptable
if similar performance to all soybean
meal is adequate, but better performance
may be achieved by feeding 3% feather
meal.
|
| 60 |
It
seems that pigs, like chickens, respond
to increases in dietary protein by increasing
the proportion of carcass lean and decreasing
carcass fat. This paper's premise is
that their maybe some advantage to feeding "above
the optimum level" of lysine or
crude protein. Instead of determining
the responses to lysine and or crude
protein and determining the economically "optimal" diet
(the one that maximizes profits for any
set of prices), the discussion is concerned
with whether medium or high nutrient
diet-fed pigs were significantly different
for certain traits. And a conclusion
is made that no difference exists because
the probability that the difference is
real is 0.06 instead of 0.05. The author's
conclusions that feather meal can be
used in swine diets and its nitrogen
will reduce carcass fat are valid.
|
| 96 |
A
basal diet containing 10% hydrolyzed
feather meal was used to determine the
tryptophan requirement of young pigs.
The authors conclude that pigs fed the
corn, soybean meal, feather meal, corn
gluten meal and whey based diet with
adequate tryptophan performed just as
well as those fed a corn-soy-whey diet.
However, mean daily gains were 553g and
601g with a pooled SEM of 16g makes the
conclusion suspect.
|
| 100 |
A
basal diet containing 15.51% feather
meal was used to determine the methionine
requirement of young pigs. Piglets fed
the basal diet with adequate levels of
methionine performed similarly to those
fed a corn, soybean meal and dried whey
diet, indicating that 15.51% feather
meal can be fed to 10 kg pigs if the
diets are properly balanced.
|
| 261 |
This
is an example of a too small experiment
with a questionable data analysis and
interpretation. A combination of blood,
meat and hydrolyzed feathers was fed
in place of fish meal to piglets. Piglets
fed the animal protein mixture did not
perform quite as well as those fed fish
meal, but the differences were not significant
at P<O.OS. More piglets and a better
description of the feeds may have made
the trial more meaningful.
|
| 294 |
An
interesting review article, especially
the possibility of using lanthionine
as an indicator of feather meal damage
during processing.
|
| 369 |
A
very early paper with an appropriate
design and statistical analysis of the
data. Weanling piglets grew better on
corn and soybean meal based diets that
contained 5 vs. 7.5% feather meal. When
lysine was added to the 7.5% feather
meal diet, piglets grew as well as those
fed 0 or 7.5% feather meal.
|
| 4030 |
Industry
Summary Only: Adding 2.5% of feather
meal to sow diets increased weight loss
only in sows with the fastest growing
piglets. Feather meal-fed sows returned
to estrus 16 hours sooner. Sows and piglets
did very well whether on feather meal
or not.
|
|
Feather
Meal for Fish (Back
to Top.)
|
| 14 |
In
this study semi-purified diets were fed
to Indian major carp. When poultry feather
meal was substituted for 25 or 50% of
the fish meal in the diet, fish actually
grew better than controls or those fed
higher feather meal levels. The paper
concludes that feather meal can be fed
at 50% of the protein without compromising
performance. It should have concluded
that neither fish nor feather meal resulted
in maximum performance, but a mixture
of the two was complimentary and resulted
in enhanced performance.
|
| 25 |
Feather
meal was substituted for a mixture of
fish and meat meal in diets for o. niloticus
fry. Feather meal adequately replaced
66% of the fish and meat meals. This
data suggests that a 33:66 mixture of
feather meal: fish and meat and bone
meal will give the best performance results.
This work should definitely be repeated.
|
| 27 |
Feather
and poultry meals were blended with fish
silage and fed to growing catfish. Blends
were standardized at 50% protein, so
the actual amounts of feather or poultry
meals differed. Although the authors
conclude that the supplements can be
fed without affecting growth, growth
was actually better when poultry meal
was fed than soybean meal or hydrolyzed
feathers.
|
| 39 |
Hydrolyzed
feather meal was added to European Sea
Bass diets at 50% of crude protein at
the expense of fish meal. At this high
level, 31.3% of the diet, fish had a
decreased growth rate, apparently due
to increased protein degradation, not
decreased synthesis.
|
| 69 |
Several
protein meals were substituted into a
casein gelatin based diet to measure
digestibility in clarified catfish. The
dry matter, crude protein and gross energy
digest abilities were 70, 79 and 85%
for poultry by-product meal; 63, 85,
and 78% for hydrolyzed feather meal,
and 67, 90, and 85% for soybean meal,
respectively.
|
| 93 |
An
animal by-product meal containing feather
meal was tested in Nile Tilapia. The
meal was a commercial product and its
ingredient composition was not given.
(The paper should have been published
in the Journal of Unrepeatable Results).
Fish fed the mystery meal did just fine
compared to more expensive fish meal.
|
| 133 |
Juvenile
Japanese Flounder grew well and had excellent
growth and feed efficiency when 12% feather
meal was fed. At 25% feather meal, growth
was acceptable but feed efficiency was
reduced. At higher feather meal levels
performance was decreased. An amino acid
supplement was helpful when 37% feather
meal was fed, but performance was still
sub-optimal.
|
| 208 |
Feather
meal was substituted at 0, 5 and 15%
of a standard diet for juvenile fall
Chinook salmon at the expense of fish
meal. Fish fed no feather meal gained
more than those fed feather meal (31.30
vs. 29.34g) but the differences were
not statistically different(P<0.05).
Conditioning scores were actually better
for the 15% feather meal-fed fish. In
this diet, 15% feather meal was an acceptable
substitute for fish meal.
|
| 217 |
Feather
meal was one of the ingredients used
to develop equations for estimating the
energy in mixed feeds. No specific information
on the digestibility of feather meal
is given.
|
| 226 |
The
digestibilities of poultry blood meal,
poultry by-product (offal) meal and feather
meal were measured in rainbow trout.
Measurements were made in short term
feeding studies with no measurements
of performance on the various diets fed.
Digestibilities of energy, crude protein
and total lipids ranged between 79 and
89%.
|
| 235 |
Review
article that barely mentions feeding
any animal by-products. Poultry by-product
and hydrolyzed feather meals are listed
in a table as having "chemical scores" for
rainbow trout and carp of 71 and 33,
respectively. Both are said to have lysine
as their first limiting amino acid for
these species.
|
| 251 |
Hydrolyzed
feather meal was substituted for casein
in fish meal, wheat and starch-based
diets for 40 - 50% rainbow trout. Fish
fed 31.6% feather meal did not grow as
well and had more carcass lipids than
those fed similar protein levels from
casein. The authors conclude the feather
meal is first-limiting in lysine and
lysine supplements will reduce the growth
depression caused by the higher levels
of feather meal; however, this conclusion
does not seem justified by the data.
|
| 322 |
This
is a review article mainly concerned
with volumes of protein sources produced
and their prices.
|
| 348 |
Tilapia
were fed fish meal and soybean meal-based
diets with blends of fish silage and
poultry by-product meal or fish silage
and hydrolyzed feather meal. The fish
fed 13% poultry meal grew as well as
those fed a control diet, but those fed
11% feather meal did not. Feed conversion
and protein efficiency ratios were similar
for fish fed all the diets.
|
|
Feather
Meal for Poultry (Back
to Top.)
|
| 36 |
Poultry
by-product and feather meals were fed
in diets formulated for true available
amino availabilities. No specific information
on individual ingredients is presented.
|
| 44 |
Very
interesting studies in which feather
meal inclusion in the diet increased
egg production after a molt. The diets
fed were very low in protein and fed
for 15 - 17 days, followed by a standard
laying diet. Whether differences are
due to feather meal per se, or just protein
level isn't clear.
|
| 48 |
Review
article about a feather digestion process
developed at North Carolina State University.
The potential of fermenting feathers
instead of hydrolyzing them is discussed.
|
| 50 |
This
paper describes the feeding of a poultry
by-product meal and feather meal combination
to broilers in Northern Ireland. The
feather and offal meal was substituted
into a corn, wheat and soybean based
diet at the expense of Peruvian fish
meal. Birds were raised to 8 weeks of
age. Up to 10% of the meal could be fed
without any obvious negative effects
on broiler performance.
|
| 132 |
This
research investigated the effects of
4 process conditions on the composition
of feather meal. Over-processing can
reduce the amount of pepsin digestible
protein measured in vitro. No comparisons
of chemical measurements and bird performance
were made.
|
| 135 |
Review
article with a good general discussion
of the usages of hydrolyzed feather meal
and poultry meal in Asia.
|
| 136 |
Dead
poultry, feathers, eggshells and hatchery
waste were co-extruded with soybean meal
to make feed ingredients for poultry.
Birds fed all the diets performed well,
particularly those fed meal from 3 or
5 week-old broilers.
|
| 167 |
Feather
meal and soybean meal were added to broiler
diets to compare their effects in reducing
abdominal fat pads. There were no protein
level by protein source interactions:
Feather meal was as good as soybean meal
in reducing abdominal fat pads.
|
| 180 |
This
is an excellent paper on the analysis
of feather meal. Its findings are overlooked
but shouldn't be. Lanthionine present
in hydrolyzed feather meal is converted
to cysteic acid and reported to be cystine
in routine amino acid analyses. This
may make feather meal look like a better
amino source than it really is, but as
a result, diets formulated based on the
wrong content of cystine will not be
properly balanced for amino acid. Feather
meal processed by several methods was
compared at 2.5% of the diet. There were
no differences found due to processing
conditions, but that would be expected
at such low inclusion rates.
|
| 213 |
Hydrolyzed
feather meal was substituted into corn
and soybean meal based diets and fed
to broilers for 8 weeks at different
protein levels. Adding 2 or 4% feather
meal generally resulted in better performance
than 0%, but 8 or 16% resulted in reduced
performance. The data was originally
interpreted as showing 8% feather meal
was acceptable because the 0 and 8% inclusion
rates gave the same performance. Since
2 and 4% feather meal gave better results,
they probably represent the appropriate
positive control.
|
| 219 |
This
paper deals with the composition of three
feather meal samples and the results
of "true" digestibility assays.
The samples were given to turkeys fasted
for 24 hours and then excreta were collected
for 48 hours to determine undigested
residues. True amino acid digestibilties
ranged from 59 to 83% and averaged from
72 to 76%. The average True Metabolizable
Energy of the 3 samples was 2.98 k cal/g.
|
| 223 |
The
results of different processing conditions
on the Net Protein Values and nitrogen
retention by growing chicks when feather
meal was fed at 3.65, 7.20 or 10.75%
of the diet. Weight gains were very good
when the two lower levels of feather
meal were fed. This is an excellent paper
with good descriptions of the samples
fed and appropriate designs and statistical
analyses.
|
| 225 |
The
influence of different processing times
and additives (NaOH), enzymes) on amino
acid digestibility was determined. True
digestibility values ranged from 36.3%
(ASP) to 86.5 (ILE). Large variations
in amino acid digestibility were found.
Processing time had a large effect on
amino acid digestibility.
|
| 228 |
A
classic paper on the influence of processing
time on the utilization of hydrolyzed
feather meal. The studies with New Hampshire,
Delaware, and White Wyandotte chicks
are difficult to interpret, especially
with no statistical analyses presented.
Still it is evident that there are big
differences in feather meal quality due
to processing conditions and a commercial
sample was not very good.
|
| 230 |
Another
classic paper in which feather meal was
compared to soybean meal and meat meal.
The authors conclude that feather meal
should be a good source of "non-specific
nitrogen", especially in higher
protein diets. The data are difficult
to interpret because of no indication
of variation or statistical analysis,
and the diets were probably quite imbalanced
with respect to amino acids.
|
| 241 |
Early
paper showing excellent results from
feeding feather meal with an equal amount
of protein from meat and bone scrap or
blood meal. Up to 9% difference in growth
due to feather meal source were observed,
but because of lack of any indication
of variation, it is not clear if the
differences should be considered "significant".
|
| 252 |
Feeding
corn and soybean meal rations in these
old studies resulted in three pound chickens
in 9 weeks. Eight to 9% differences in
performance were observed from feeding
different feather meal samples at different
protein levels.
|
| 255 |
German
with English summary: Growth was reduced
1.5 and 6% when 3 and 5% feather meal
was fed to growing pheasants.
|
| 273 |
This
report documents the feeding value of
a product that is a combination of poultry
by-product meal, blood meal and feather
meal, all processed together (cooked
for 30 minutes at 40 psi and then for
180 minutes at atmospheric pressure.
The proximate analysis of 201 samples
is presented and experiments are detailed
showing that the product can safely replace
10% of soybean meal in broiler diets.
|
| 279 |
This
is an excellent review article, especially
from the perspective of engineering and
processing variables and the feeding
value of feather meal. The review includes
20 key tables on the composition of feather
meal and the response of birds fed feather
meal.
|
| 291 |
This
paper presents evidence that the standard
hydrolyzing conditions (in 1972) were
not maximizing the feeding value of feather
meal for broilers. Feathers cooked at
50 pounds of steam pressure for 60 minutes
were superior to those cooked at 35 psi
for 30 minutes. Intermittent agitation
was found to be adequate (1 minute on,
1 off) and constant agitation during
cooking not necessary. Older chicks were
found to utilize feather meal more effectively.
|
| 294 |
This
very good review article from the Netherlands
is not as comprehensive as a later one
from the same university (paper #279).
|
| 301 |
This
paper describes feeding studies in which
feather meal is substituted for soybean
meal. Diets with 3% feather meal supported
growth as well as those with 5% soybean
meal.
|
| 311 |
Very
classic Iowa Agricultural Experiment
Station Bulletin. The work described
centers on the complementary value of
corn and feather proteins, corn being
low in cystine, and feathers being quite
high.
|
| 317 |
This
research is concerned with determining
the limiting amino acids in diets based
on feather meal, corn-feather meal and
corn-soybean meal-feather meal. The diets
were fed to slow-growing male single
comb White Leghorn chicks. The lack of
any indication of variability in the
results (standard errors) make the results
difficult to interpret. Still it is surprising
that processed feathers did not seem
to be an improvement over raw feathers.
|
| 320 |
This
is a very interesting study of hydrolyzed
feather meals from South Africa, Argentina
and Canada, and the amino acid supplementation
of diets based on feather meal and starch.
|
| 324 |
This
work compares poultry by-product meal
and feather meal processed separately
and then blended, or processed together.
More uniform products were found when
the products were processed separately.
Surprising data on the amino acid composition
of the products is presented. For instance,
the methionine content of 5 blended products
ranged from 0.81 to 1.17%. Availability
values were also quite variable with
cystine availability ranging from 76
to 89%.
|
| 338 |
This
review concerns feather meal's use as
a commercial fertilizer.
|
| 339 |
Feather
meal was added to finisher diets and
was shown to decrease abdominal fat pads.
Clearly increasing dietary protein level
has this effect and feather meal is one
way to increase dietary protein level.
|
| 355 |
This
paper compared supplementing poultry
by-product meal and feather meal for
layers and breeders. Feather meal was
shown to significantly increase the %
hatch of fertile eggs and egg production
in 1 of 2 experiments. Poultry by-product
meal also improved egg production in
1 of 2 experiments.
|
| 360 |
This
research showed that when 7% hydrolyzed
feather meal was added to a laying hen
diet, lysine and tryptophan were necessary
to maintain egg output equal to the control
diet.
|
| 361 |
Six
percent hydrolyzed feather meal in broiler
diets based on wheat, soybean meal and
fish and meat meals, did not depress
performance. Fifty-seven % of the total
sulfur-containing amino acids were supplied
by cystine without a problem.
|
| 362 |
Results
of two experiments showed that feather
meal could replace half the soybean meal
in complex diets based on wheat, corn
and several animal by-product meals.
Soybean meal was fed at 8 or 12% so feather
meal produced adequate growth at 4 or
4%.
|
| 364 |
Results
of a large factorial turkey experiment
where half of the 24 treatment groups
received 5% feather meal showed that
extra methionine had to be added to maximize
performance. Addition of ingredients
on a weight basis to a common basal ration,
and several significant interactions
make this data very difficult to interpret.
|
| 365 |
Feather
meal and ground corn were added to turkey
diets at the expense of soybean meal
without changing growth rates, but feed
efficiency was improved. The increase
in feed efficiency was attributed to
feather meal providing more energy than
soybean meal.
|
| 367 |
Feather
meal was fed to chickens in two studies.
Feather meal improved growth to roughly
the same extent as DC-Methionine. Lack
of detailed diet information or any indication
of variability in results makes any further
conclusion impossible.
|
| 38 |
Feather
and poultry by-product meals used in
this study were not characterized as
to raw materials or processing conditions.
Although the presentation of means in
the table make the experiment very difficult
to interpret, the authors conclusion
that turkeys fed diets with some animal
by-products do as well as those fed corn
and soybean meal diets, is probably correct.
|
| 172 |
Both
broilers and layers were fed feather
meal and "feather & offal" meal
in corn, soybean meal and fish meal based
diets at the expense of fish meal. Performance
of layers, but not broilers, was maximized
when the mixture of feather and offal
meal was fed. Neither the raw ingredients
nor processing conditions for the meals
was described.
|
| 211 |
Results
of assays using cecectomized and normal
roosters, and growing broilers were compared.
The responses of the broiler chicks hardly
seem linear, so the bioavailability values
are questionable. Results of tests for
linearity were not presented. The amino
acid availability using cecectomized
roosters averaged 69% for feather meal
and 78% poultry by-product meal. Details
of product processing or raw materials
were not presented.
|
| 244 |
This
early study compared two samples each
of hydrolyzed feather meal, poultry by-products
meal and poultry blood meal to fish meal,
soybean meal and animal meat scrap in
diets for broilers and layers. The best
broiler growth came from chicks fed diets
supplemented with the hydrolyzed feather
meal. Egg production was poor by modern
standards for layers whether given a
protein supplement or not. Feed conversion
was improved by feeding 3% hydrolyzed
feather meal.
|
| 368 |
This
is a classic study in which feather meal
and blood meal replaced 2.5% of soybean
and fish meals. All the broilers reached
almost 3.5 pounds in 9 weeks, showing
that a low level of feather and blood
meals did no harm. In a battery study
in which the very best groups reached
1 pound by 4 weeks of age, 7.5% poultry
by-product meal was shown to replace
7.5% fish meal. Sample compositions and
processing conditions were not described.
|
|
Feather
Meal Digestibility for Poultry (Back
to Top.)
|
| 41 |
This
research was designed to relate processing
conditions to measures of the nutritional
value of feather meal. Unfortunately,
indicators of nutritional value were
correlated among themselves, and not
to amino acid availability, which presumably
would determine feeding value in a mixed
ration. The authors suggest that bulk
density could be used to monitor feather
meal quality, but density was not related
to pepsin digestible protein, nor the
availability of the limiting amino acids
for any species of livestock.
|
| 46 |
Differences
in the true digestibility of amino acids
were found due to processing system and
conditions. Digestibility within a sample
ranged from 49 - 86% for His and across
samples from 58 - 72% for lysine, from
74 - 79% for Met and from 47 - 62% for
Cys. Chick assays also demonstrated large
significant differences in growth and
protein efficiency ratio of the samples.
|
| 62 |
This
paper editorializes in its title about
the low nutritional value of feather
meal without adequately describing raw
materials on storage conditions. The
4 samples ranged from 1.2 to 12.7% crude
fat indicating they were indeed not al
purely feather meals. Chicks in their
experiments fed 15% feather meal grew
quite well as long as the diets were
properly balanced.
|
| 74 |
About
half of the amino acids in two feather
meal samples were absorbed by chickens
in this study. The raw materials, processing
treatment and storage conditions are
not described for the two samples, so
the reason(s) for the poor digestion
are not known.
|
| 149 |
This
paper describes an excellent series of
studies on the feeding value of a well
characterized feather meal. When properly
balanced, the feather meal sample could
provide up to 40% of the protein for
growing broilers. Bioavailable cystine
was found to be 2.9% of the sample.
|
| 177 |
Seven
commercial feather meal samples were
compared by in vitro and in vivo assays.
Lysine ranged from 1.5 to 2.2%, methionine
from .45 to .61 and cystine from 4.1
to 5.3% of the samples. Lysine bioavailability
ranged from 22 to 69% by chick growth
assay, and methionine plus cystine bioavailability
from 70 to 84%. True Metabolizable Energy
of the samples ranged from 2.8 to 3.9
k cal/g.
|
| 211 |
This
paper presents comparative data from
bioavailability assays for feather meal
and poultry by-product meal. Large differences
were noted between rooster and chick
bioassays for feather meal but not poultry
by-product meal. The samples were not
well characterized and so it is not known
if the results are representative of
commercial samples.
|
|
Feather
Meal for Goats (Back
to Top.)
|
| 102 |
Hydrolyzed
feather meal feeding to supply two-thirds
of total protein resulted in growth similar
to corn gluten meal, cottonseed meal
or fish meal. Greasy fleece weights were
similar to feeding cottonseed meal or
fish meal, but not as good as those from
feeding corn gluten meal.
|
| 114 |
"The
use of hydrolyzed feather meal with blood
meal can improve the nutritive value
of the diet and milk quality of dairy
goats" when compared to meat meal.
Twenty-seven % of crude protein was supplied
by the animal protein sources.
|
| 118 |
When
50% of dietary protein was supplied by
hydrolyzed feather meal or soybean meal
body weights and milk production were
very similar. However, milk protein content
and yield were lower in goats fed hydrolyzed
feather meal.
|
|
Poultry
Meal Composition (Back
to Top.)
|
| 211 |
This
paper presents comparative data from
bioavailability assays for feather meal
and poultry by-product meal. Large differences
were noted between rooster and chick
bioassays for feather meal but not poultry
by-product meal. The samples were not
well characterized and so it is not known
if the results are representative of
commercial samples.
|
| 68 |
Very
nice study from Nigeria on the influence
of rendering time and temperature on
the composition of poultry by-product
meal. Data on moisture, methionine, lysine,
cystine, histidine and tryptophan are
presented.
|
| 183 |
This
paper describes the chemical analyses
of six samples from each of three plants.
The author's definition of "poultry
offal meal" is not clear: The Experimental
Procedures says … in which feathers
were treated with saturated steam …,
but the samples only contain about 54%
crude protein. Amino acid compositions
of the samples are quite variable with
methionine, for instance, ranging from
0.66 - 0.93%.
|
| 245 |
A
short note on the proximate compositions
of raw and processed broiler offal.
|
| 334 |
Results
of an extensive chemical and microbiological
survey of both washed and unwashed raw
poultry offal are presented. Amino acid
and vitamin data is included.
|
| 370 |
This
paper concerns variation in blood loss
during processing and thus the amount
of blood may be in offal.
|
| 195 |
This
paper deals with the chemical composition
of a poultry by-products sample after
several fermentations under various conditions.
The conclusion is that fermentation causes
too much biochemical deterioration of
protein and amino acids to be useful.
|
|
Poultry
Meal for Young Cattle (Back
to Top.)
|
| 13 |
This
is a very interesting paper, and very
important one, because it compares different
samples of poultry by-product meal from
different renderers. Escape protein values
obtained by 12 hour in vitro incubation
ranged from 32 to 40% of crude protein
(which ranged from 54 to 68%). True protein
digestibility (in lambs) varied from
85 to 93% (entire tract). Metabolizable
methionine was found to be the limiting
amino acid in poultry by-product meal
for calves.
|
| 17 |
The
slope-ratio technique was used to compare
protein sources for growing calves. Protein
efficiency was greater for feather meal
than for poultry by-product meal or for
blends. Ruminally protected methionine
and lysine were not effective for increasing
the utilization of either product or
their blends when fed with soy hulls.
When given the same dry matter intakes,
gains were much better for the poultry
products than for soybean meal or soy
hulls and urea.
|
| 288 |
Poultry,
blood and feather meals were compared
as protein supplements for dairy heifers
fed corn silage. No differences were
found among the poultry by-products blends
and soybean meal, fish meal or meat and
bone meal. In this study the diets were
available for ad libitum consumption.
|
|
Poultry
Meal for Mature Cattle (Back
to Top.)
|
| 106 |
In
these experiments, soybean meal, fish
meal or a blend of 30% corn gluten meal,
30% poultry by-product meal, 30% blood
meal and 10% feather meal was fed with
corn silage, alfalfa haylage, corn and
barley. The paper indicates a 3 x 3 Latin
square with 6 and 4 replications. Presumably
the replications are individual cows.
No differences between supplements were
found in milk production or component
yields. In one experiment dry matter
intake was reduced by the blend; since
milk output wasn't affected, efficiency
must have been increased. The authors
speculate they'd have had different results
if corn silage had been the main forage
instead of alfalfa. Perhaps, but since
few differences were detected, a discussion
of the power of the experiment would
have been appropriate.
|
| 182 |
Cows
were fed soybean meal or a mixture of
meat and bone meal, poultry, blood, and
feather meals. Milk production was not
effected by the treatments. There was
only one pen of cows per treatment. An
estimate of Model II error, how big a
difference could have been detected by
the experiment would have been helpful.
|
|
Poultry
Meal for Lambs & Sheep (Back
to Top.)
|
| 67 |
The
title seems a bit misleading and could
read: "Soybean meal is a poor substitute
for poultry by-product meal in the diets
of growing hair sheep ...". Lambs
performed better when fed poultry by-product
meal or soybean meal and poultry by-product
meal combinations.
|
|
Poultry
Meal for Swine (Back
to Top.)
|
| 179 |
Four
samples produced by a batch dry-rendering
process were used in digestion trials
with pigs fitted with "T" canulas
to determine apparent amino acid digestibilities.
The samples were mixed with cornstarch
and dextrose to achieve 12% protein diets
for feeding. Thus digestibility, or rather
amino acid disappearance, was not as
part of a normal mixed diet. The samples
ranged from 63.8 to 65.2% crude protein,
10.3 to 14.4% crude fat, and 11.7 to
13.9% crude fiber. Across trial variation
in amino acid digestibility ranged from
89 to 91% for arginine and 75 to 84%
for isoleucine for a single soybean meal
sample. For poultry by-product meal,
ileal and fecal amino acid digestibilities
averaged 76 " 0.5 and 87 " .4%
(compared to 78 " 1.4 and 85 " 1.2%
for soybean meal). Arginine had the highest
digestibility, 86 " .7%, and threonine
the lowest, 75 " .5%. Ileal and
fecal digestibilities were highly correlated.
|
|
Poultry
Meal for Fish (Back
to Top.)
|
| 1 |
A
combination of poultry by-product and
feather meals could completely replace
fish meal in rainbow trout diets based
on toasted soybean meal, dried yeast,
and wheat flour. Although body weights
were similar, poultry products fed fish
had more fat and less protein in their
carcasses.
|
| 3 |
The
authors conclude that poultry by-product
but not meat and bone meals, are acceptable
substitutes for fish meal in diets based
on soybean meal, isolated soy protein,
wheat gluten and starch, and menhaden
fish oil.
|
| 5 |
Sub-optimal
performance was observed from fish fed
a diet with a 1:1 blend of poultry by-product
meal and soybean meal replacing fish
meal. No attempt was made to balance
nutrients only to substitute 30% poultry
by-product meal for fish meal.
|
| 27 |
Feather
and poultry meals were blended with fish
silage and fed to growing catfish. Blends
were standardized at 50% protein, so
the actual amounts of feather or poultry
meals differed. Although the authors
conclude that the supplements can be
fed without affecting growth, growth
was actually better when poultry meal
was fed than soybean meal or hydrolyzed
feathers.
|
| 69 |
Several
protein meals were substituted into a
casein gelatin based diet to measure
digestibility in clarified catfish. The
dry matter, crude protein and gross energy
digest abilities were 70, 79 and 85%
for poultry by-product meal; 63, 85,
and 78% for hydrolyzed feather meal,
and 67, 90, and 85% for soybean meal,
respectively.
|
| 129 |
A
full-fat poultry by-product meal produced
in Egypt was compared to an imported,
defatted, herring meal in diets based
on wheat bran and corn starch. No attempt
was made to balance the diet for amino
acids. Fish fed poultry by-product meal
grew nearly as well as those fed fish
meal (P > 0.05), but feed efficiency
was not as good and carcass fat was higher.
|
| 140 |
Fish
fed poultry meal and dates or date pits
out performed those fed fish meal or
blood meal with date products. The diets
also contained substantial amounts of
soybean meal, wheat flour, and corn starch.
The authors questioned the validity of
their own results, wondering about the
quality of their fish and blood meals.
|
| 204 |
The
data in this paper are difficult to interpret
in terms of any single ingredient. The
quantities of four or five ingredients
were changed simultaneously. The diets
where poultry by-product meal, soybean
meal, and wheat middlings replaced part
of the herring meal produced the best
performance.
|
| 209 |
When
10 and 20% poultry by-product meal replaced
9.3 and 18.7% herring meal (in diets
based on feather meal, blood meal, and
wheat by-products) no differences in
fish performance were noted. Feeding
30% poultry by-product meal did decrease
performance.
|
| 210 |
The
title of this paper is misleading since
a combination of poultry by-product meal
and blood meal (46:27) was compared to
fish meal. The poultry by-product meal
was full fat (16% lipid). It is not clear
what the correct interpretation of the
data should be since the 2 X 2 factorial
design was analyzed by one-way procedures.
The authors suggest there is an interaction
between protein source and oil source,
but this hypothesis was not directly
tested and is questionable. In any case,
eels fed the fish meal based diet performed
better than those fed the poultry by-product
and blood meals combination.
|
| 226 |
The
digestibilities of poultry blood meal,
poultry by-product (offal) meal and feather
meal were measured in rainbow trout.
Measurements were made in short term
feeding studies with no measurements
of performance on the various diets fed.
Digestibilities of energy, crude protein
and total lipids ranged between 79 and
89%.
|
| 235 |
Review
article that barely mentions feeding
any animal by-products. Poultry by-product
and hydrolyzed feather meals are listed
in a table as having "chemical scores" for
rainbow trout and carp of 71 and 33,
respectively. Both are said to have lysine
as their first limiting amino acid for
these species.
|
| 249 |
In
this paper a combination of poultry by-product
and soybean meals 28:32 was compared
to several combinations of fish meal
and soybean meal. Fish fed the poultry
by-product meal combination performed
as well as any fed diets based on fish
or meat and bone meals.
|
| 250 |
A
test-diet based on an undescribed sample
of "poultry by-products meal",
methionine and lysine, was compared to
a control diet based on fish and soybean
meals and skim milk powder. Roughly comparable
growth was observed from both diets;
there was little replication (n = 2)
and no statistical analysis.
|
| 266 |
English
Summary and Tables only. The ingredients
and diets fed were well characterized.
The results of two studies showed that
poultry by-product meal could replace
all of the fish meal for yearlings, but
only 70% for juvenile sea bream.
|
| 271 |
Fish
performed very well when fed poultry
by-product meal instead of herring meal
in diets containing wheat midds and 16-23%
cellulose. Percentage of carcass lean
actually increased as percentage low
ash poultry by-product meal increased,
suggesting poultry by-product meal was
superior to herring meal in these diets.
|
| 280 |
The
full-fat poultry by-product meal fed
in this study contained 30% ether extract.
The poultry by-product meal was compared
to a defatted fish meal with 6% ether
extract and a soybean meal with 6% ether
extract. The authors conclude that only
25% of fish meal can be replaced by poultry
by-product meal for this species, but
their results are surely influenced by
the different amounts of fat in their
ingredients and diets.
|
| 322 |
This
is a review article mainly concerned
with volumes of protein sources produced
and their prices.
|
| 348 |
Tilapia
were fed fish meal and soybean meal-based
diets with blends of fish silage and
poultry by-product meal or fish silage
and hydrolyzed feather meal. The fish
fed 13% poultry meal grew as well as
those fed a control diet, but those fed
11% feather meal did not. Feed conversion
and protein efficiency ratios were similar
for fish fed all the diets.
|
| 349 |
In
these studies a poultry by-product meal
sample containing 68% protein and 12%
lipid was compared to a herring meal
sample with 69% protein and 11% lipids.
It was found that 25% but not 36% of
the diet could be poultry meal without
hurting performance. The fascinating
result noted here was that methionine
and lysine supplements were helpful in
low energy diets but harmful in higher
energy diets. It is apparent that the
diets were not optimized for protein,
energy and amino acids.
|
|
Poultry
Meal Digestibility for Fish (Back
to Top.)
|
| 2 |
The
digestibility of a single poultry by-product
meal sample containing 62.2% crude protein
and 15.3% lipid was determined. The apparent
digestibilities for poultry by-product
meal and soybean meal were: organic matter,
75.6 and 65.2; crude protein, 48.7 and
86.1; lipid, 59.0 and 62.7; gross energy,
71.7 and 63.3; phosphorus, 26.5 and 46.8.
The very low protein, lipid and phosphorus
digestibilities are quite surprising
and suspect and the data seem internally
inconsistent; there would not be much
carbohydrate expected in the poultry
by-product meal, so how could the organic
matter and gross energy digestibilities
be so much higher than the crude protein
and lipid digestibilities. The same was
true for fish meal and meat and bone
meal and suggests a serious methodology
problem.
|
| 4 |
The
apparent phosphorus availability of poultry
by-product meal was found to be -11%,
but not significantly different from
zero. The authors discuss a number of
problems with their assay procedures
and point out their value of 0 for rainbow
trout is quite different from the 81%
others have found for Atlantic Salmon.
|
| 6 |
The
digestibility of four feather meals and
2 poultry by-product meals were compared.
The feather meals were from products
with chickens and turkeys and 3 of 4
samples also contained hog hair. The
poultry by-product meals were based on
chicken offal but also contained feet,
legs, and meat and one had a small proportion
from turkeys, ducks, and game birds.
For the feather meals, crude protein
digestibilities were very good, ranging
from 81-87%, but lipid digestibility
was surprisingly low, 40-83%. Digestibility
of the poultry by-product meals was more
consistent: 87-91% for crude protein
and 78-92% for lipids.
|
| 7 |
When
good samples of poultry by-product meal
and feather meal was tested, they could
replace 75 or 100% of the fish meal in
starch based diets. Growth was depressed
when high fat content meals were fed
(18 and 30% vs. 13.5% lipids). Differences
in samples and feeding levels were observed.
|
| 9 |
Two
poultry by-product meals were compared,
along with several other ingredients.
The raw materials for the poultry by-product
meals was not described, but they contained
61.4 and 58.6% crude protein, 16.5 and
17.7% lipids, and 11.4 and 12.7% ash.
The digestible organic matter, crude
protein and gross energies of the samples
were quite different at 75.9 vs. 65.6,
84.9 vs. 74.4, and 72.4 vs. 65.4, respectively.
These digestibilities were very similar
to soybean meal, but inferior to herring,
anchovy and menhaden meals, and much
better than blood meal.
|
| 10 |
The
digestibility of seven poultry by-product
meals ranging from 55-74% crude protein,
10-19% lipids and 11-23% ash were compared.
The samples were obtained from 6 different
processors, but the raw materials and
processing conditions were not described.
The in vivo protein digestibilities ranged
from 64.4 to 77.7%, compared to 99.0%
for casein.
|
|
Poultry
Meal for Poultry (Back
to Top.)
|
| 36 |
Poultry
by-product and feather meals were fed
in diets formulated for true available
amino availabilities. No specific information
on individual ingredients is presented.
|
| 38 |
Feather
and poultry by-product meals used in
this study were not characterized as
to raw materials or processing conditions.
Although the presentation of means in
the table make the experiment very difficult
to interpret, the authors conclusion
that turkeys fed diets with some animal
by-products do as well as those fed corn
and soybean meal diets, is probably correct.
|
| 50 |
A
composite meal made by autoclaving blood,
feathers, and offal was tested in broiler
diets. The proportions of each raw material
was not given, although protein, amino
acid and metabolizable energy contents
were determined. The poultry meal was
fed at the expense of Peruvian fish meal.
Optimum growth and feed efficiency was
found with 10% Poultry feather and offal
meal replacing 10% fish meal.
|
| 65 |
The
results of a single, unreplicated, experiment
are presented without statistical analysis.
Poultry by-product meal and poultry oil
are implicated in causing pulmonary hypertension,
right ventricular failure, and ascites
in broilers. The total deaths are 15
of 120 for the controls versus 25 of
120 for birds fed both poultry by-product
meal and poultry oil. Without confirmation
this paper should be regarded as containing
weak anecdotal evidence.
|
| 70 |
In
this work the limiting amino acids in
a diet based on a blend of four poultry
by-product meals of unknown raw materials
were determined. Cystine, tryptophan,
(threonine and lysine) and valine are
the first five limiting amino acids in
poultry by-product meal. The data could
be valuable in determining complementary
proteins for feeding broilers
|
| 135 |
Review
article with a good general discussion
of the usages of hydrolyzed feather meal
and poultry meal in Asia.
|
| 136 |
Dead
poultry, feathers, eggshells and hatchery
waste were co-extruded with soybean meal
to make feed ingredients for poultry.
Birds fed all the diets performed well,
particularly those fed meal from 3 or
5 week-old broilers.
|
| 172 |
Both
broilers and layers were fed feather
meal and "feather & offal" meal
in corn, soybean meal, and fish meal
based diets at the expense of fish meal.
Performance of layers, but not broilers,
was maximized when the mixture of feather
and offal meal was fed. Neither the raw
ingredients nor processing conditions
for the meals was described.
|
| 211 |
Results
of assays using cecectomized and normal
roosters, and growing broilers were compared.
The responses of the broiler chicks hardly
seem linear, so the bioavailability values
are questionable. Results of tests for
linearity were not presented. The amino
acid availability using cecectomized
roosters averaged 69% for feather meal
and 78% for poultry by-product meal.
Details of product processing or raw
materials was not presented.
|
| 227 |
This
research note describes a single experiment
in which samples of fish meal, poultry
by-product meal, and a combination of
poultry by-products and feathers processed
together. Chicks grew quite well to 25
days on all the diets. The combination
meal contained 63% crude protein, 21%
fat and 7% ash. Processing details were
not given.
|
| 244 |
This
early study compared two samples each
of hydrolyzed feather meal, poultry by-products
meal and poultry blood meal, to fish
meal, soybean meal and animal meat scrap,
in diets for broilers and layers. The
best broiler growth came from chicks
fed diets supplemented with the hydrolyzed
feather meal. Egg production was poor
by modern standards for layers whether
given a protein supplement or not. Feed
conversion was improved by feeding 3%
hydrolyzed feather meal.
|
| 252 |
Feeding
corn and soybean meal rations in these
old studies resulted in three pound chickens
in 9 weeks. Eight to 9% differences in
performance were observed from feeding
different feather meal samples at different
protein levels
|
| 273 |
This
report documents the feeding value of
a product that is a combination of poultry
by-product meal, blood meal and feather
meal, all processed together (cooked
for 30 minutes at 40 psi and then for
180 minutes at atmospheric pressure.
The proximate analysis of 201 samples
is presented and experiments are detailed
showing that the product can safely replace
10% of soybean meal in broiler diets.
|
| 281 |
Eight
samples of poultry by-product meal were
compared to soybean meal as sources of
protein. The amino acid composition and
digestible lysine are presented. The
ranking of samples was different for
available lysine, pepsin digestibility,
chemical score, protein efficiency ratio,
etc.
|
| 289 |
Although
the processing conditions are given in
this paper, the raw materials are not,
and neither is the proximate analysis
to give some clue as to the amount of
feathers present, if any. Greater than
20 p.s.i.g. or 15 minutes of processing
reduced broiler performance.
|
| 324 |
This
work compares poultry by-product meal
and feather meal processed separately
and then blended, or processed together.
More uniform products were found when
the products were processed separately.
Surprising data on the amino acid composition
of the products is presented. For instance,
the methionine content of 5 blended products
ranged from 0.81 to 1.17%. Availability
values were also quite variable with
cystine availability ranging from 76
to 89%.
|
| 368 |
This
is a classic study in which feather meal
and blood meal replaced 2.5% of soybean
and fish meals. All the broilers reached
almost 3.5 pounds in 9 weeks, showing
that a low level of feather and blood
meals did no harm. In a battery study
in which the very best groups reached
1 pound by 4 weeks of age, 7.5% poultry
by-product meal was shown to replace
7.5% fish meal. Sample compositions and
processing conditions were not described.
|
| 355 |
This
paper compared supplementing poultry
by-product meal and feather meal for
layers and breeders. Feather meal was
shown to significantly increase the %
hatch of fertile eggs and egg production
in 1 of 2 experiments. Poultry by-product
meal also improved egg production in
1 of 2 experiments.
|
| 77 |
Samples
of high- and low-ash poultry by-product
meals were compared. The meals were processed
at 130°, but processing times and
raw materials were not presented. The
true amino acid digestibilities (determined
in cecectomized roosters) ranged from
53.7 and 52.5% for cysteine to 102.0
and 98.2% for phenylalanine, for the
low- and high-ash samples, respectively.
Digestibilities were lower, but followed
the same pattern for ileally cannulated
dogs.
|
| 337 |
The
true amino acid digestibility of one
poultry by-product sample is compared
to two soybean meal samples. Percentage
digestibility in the poultry meal ranged
from 84.2 to 90.5 for lysine and methionine
plus cystine, respectively. For soybean
meal they ranged from 90.3 to 96.3 for
threonine and methionine plus cystine.
The cecectomized rooster assay was used
to estimate amino acid digestibility.
|
|
Poultry
Grease for Ruminants (Back
to Top.)
|
| 134 |
This
is a conference proceedings review article.
This is an excellent article and should
be read by anyone interested in feeding
fats to ruminants. Fats' influence on
feed intake, inhibition of rumen fermentation
and intestinal absorption limits are
discussed.
|
| 187 |
This
is another excellent review article on
feeding fats to ruminants. The influence
of type of fat is discussed, although
poultry grease is not specifically mentioned.
Unsaturated fats, like poultry grease,
are more toxic to rumen microbes, but
can be fed successfully at 7% of the
diet without causing problems.
|
| 303 |
A
good paper that describes feeding saturated
and unsaturated fats (but not poultry
grease) to sheep. Interestingly, beef
tallow was more digestible than vegetable
oils, suggesting that poultry grease
would also be more digestible.
|
| 304 |
This
is a continuation of paper 303 in which
the digestibility of individual fatty
acids are described. The data suggests
that ruminants are better able to utilize
saturated fatty acids than non-ruminants.
|
|
Poultry
Grease Stability (Back
to Top.)
|
| 158 |
Poultry
grease and beef tallow were incorporated
into dog foods, canned, and their stabilities
were measured over a14 month period.
At 12 and 14 months (but not 10 months)
differences in stability were detected,
with beef tallow being slightly more
stable. Interestingly, interactions between
fat source (tallow vs. poultry grease)
and fat content, feed moisture and extruder
screw speed were found for the specific
volumes of the food (cm 3/g). The specific
volume decreased much faster for beef
tallow than poultry grease as fat content
increased.
|
|
Poultry
Grease for Swine (Back
to Top.)
|
| 4033 |
Industry
Summary Only. The authors conclude "that
up to six percent added poultry fat can
be fed to finishing pigs with relatively
little effect on pork quality".
Adding poultry grease to the diet improved
feed efficiency, and the sample used
compared very well choice white grease.
|
| 371 |
The
fatty acid profiles of the diets were
presented, but no information on the
samples tested were provided. Pigs fed
poultry grease performed very similarly
to those fed animal fat. Adding either
fat source to the diet at 2.5 or 5% improved
feed efficiency. Feeding poultry grease
resulted in more linoleic acid but less
oleic acid than animal fat.
|
|
Poultry
Grease for Fish (Back
to Top.)
|
| 210 |
The
title of this paper is misleading since
a combination of poultry by-product meal
and blood meal (46:27) was compared to
fish meal. The poultry by-product meal
was full fat (16% lipid). It is not clear
what the correct interpretation of the
data should be since the 2 X 2 factorial
design was analyzed by one-way procedures.
The authors suggest there is an interaction
between protein source and oil source,
but this hypothesis was not directly
tested and is questionable. In any case,
eels fed the fish meal based diet performed
better than those fed the poultry by-product
and blood meals combination.
|
|
Poultry
Grease for Poultry (Back
to Top.)
|
| 153 |
Poultry
grease was compared to corn oil and lard
at 0, 1.5 or 3.0% of the diet. Adding
fats to the diet did not effect production,
egg weight, or hatchability. Body weight
was increased, as expected, by adding
fat to the diets. The statistical analyses
chosen do not lend themselves to easily
interpreting the experimental results.
|
| 154 |
The
dietary fats fed were not well defined.
Low energy level decreased yolk size
and increased albumen weight. Again,
the statistical analyses chosen do not
lend themselves to easily interpreting
the experimental results.
|
| 155 |
Results
from feeding different fats and fat levels
to breeders are not presented. Neither
the egg nor chick sizes are presented,
nor are the environmental conditions
during the grow outs presented. Differences
in growth may be due to hen age, or season,
or conditions during the broiler growout.
|
| 156 |
Results
from feeding different fats and fat levels
to breeders are not presented. Neither
the egg nor chick sizes are presented,
nor are the environmental conditions
during the grow outs presented. Differences
in growth may be due to hen age, or season,
or conditions during the broiler growout.
|
| 159 |
Young
and old hens were fed the diets at the
same times, but they were analyzed as
being from two entirely separate experiments.
Therefore it is impossible to tell if
there are age by diet interactions. The
young hens laid at 94% regardless of
fat source, but the old hens laid about
3% better (85.5 vs. 88.8%) when fed the
prilled fat, but their eggs were smaller.
The rest of the data is also generally
inconclusive. The bottom line is that
layers given prilled fat or poultry grease
performed about the same.
|
| 162 |
A
very interesting paper showing that the
addition of poultry grease to a corn
and soybean meal based diet increases
the total lipid digestibility of the
diet for broilers. The digestibility
of the poultry grease was constant at
approximately 93%, or 8.3 kcal ME per
gram. The relationship of gastrointestinal
transit time and age was curvilinear.
Gastrointestinal transit time was about
170 minutes when chicks were 1 or 2 weeks
old and increased to about 210 minutes
at 4 weeks and stayed constant at about
210 minutes during weeks five and six.
|
| 163 |
Five
percent poultry grease was compared to
five percent yellow grease. Initial peroxide
values, active oxidation method, and
antioxidant levels are given for fresh
samples and after 10 and 21 days of storage.
The fatty acid profiles of the fats are
very similar, making one wonder what
type of restaurant the yellow grease
came from. Broiler performance was very
similar for the fats and their blends
|
| 165 |
No
differences in biological responses could
be detected from feeding poultry grease
or corn oil at up to 20% of the diet.
Feeding either fat source increased growth
and improved feed utilization in the
corn and soybean meal based diets fed.
|
| 232 |
The
energy and gastrointestinal transit time
of three fat samples were measured in
broilers, along with TBA and hydroperoxide
numbers. The energy and digestibility
of the poultry grease and corn oil were
not significantly different, and both
were much better than the commercial
fat sample tested. The TBA values were
correlated with the biological measurements,
but with only three samples it is very
difficult to know if this was just a
coincidence or not.
|
| 262 |
Poultry
grease was fed in this experiment, but
it was always in a 34:66 mixture with
rape seed oil. Increasing the peroxide
content of the mixture from 5 to 50 mEq
02/kg decreased growth, but further increases,
to 150 mEq 02/kg did not further decrease
growth.
|
| 263 |
This
single experiment paper describes an
experiment that began when the breeders
were 39 weeks of age. The only performance
differences noted was that birds fed
either fat gained more weight than those
fed a fat-free basal.
|
| 340 |
In
this classic study, the metabolizable
energies of 16 fat samples were determined
in broiler chicks fed diets from practical
ingredients. The absorbability (might
now be called disappearance or digestibility)
of poultry grease was 94% compared to
78.9% for all-beef tallow and 96.8% for
refined corn oil. Poultry grease had
the highest metabolizable energy, 10.19
Kcal/kg, compared to 9.18 for refined
corn oil and 6.99 for hydrolyzed animal
and vegetable fat.
|
| 359 |
This
paper contains excellent data on the
metabolizable energy and digestibility
of 3 fats in different age birds. ME
and digestibility increased with bird
age and the ME of poultry grease was
higher than either animal fat or beef
tallow.
|
|
Egg
Waste Composition (Back
to Top.)
|
| 215 |
Meeting
Abstract. Egg shells from an egg breaking
plant were found to contain 89.9% ash,
8.1% protein, and 0.1% fat.
|
| 236 |
Meeting
Abstract. With this particular equipment
available in 1976-1977, 1772 kg egg shell
meal was produced from 1000 thirty-dozen
cases.
|
| 243 |
Eleven
samples of egg shell waste from commercial
egg breaking plants were analyzed. The
average ash was 91.1%, average protein
was 7.56%, and lipid was 0.24%. The average
sample contained 36.4% calcium.
|
| 283 |
Hatchery
waste was found to be quite different
from egg breaker waste. Broiler hatchery
waste contained about 12.1% protein,
7% fat, and 38% ash.
|
| 335 |
Meeting
Abstract. Dried egg shells were compared
with oyster shell and ground limestone
at 3.7 and 5.7%. Shell thickness was
better for hens fed 5.7 than 3.7% calcium.
|
| 354 |
This
paper is primarily concerned with the
microbiological quality of eggs broken
during processing. Biological responses
to the products were not determined.
|
|
Hatchery
Waste for Poultry (Back
to Top.)
|
| 31 |
The
protein quality of an extruded 25:75
hatchery by-product: soybean meal mixture,
and soybean meal, were found to be similar.
When autoclaved hatchery by-product meal
was fed as a source of calcium and protein,
bones grew normally. The turkey hatchery
waste was bio-assayed using poults.
|
| 190 |
A
well described hatchery waste meal sample
was incorporated into broiler diets at
the expense of fish meal. Birds grew
better when fed the hatchery waste meal.
Unfortunately, the fish meal sample was
not described at all.
|
| 207 |
The
hatchery by-product sample used was prepared
by cooking for 2 hours in a 1:1 mixture
with water. Neither cooking temperature
nor pressure were given. The sample was
dried at 60° for 24 hours and fat
was extracted with hexane. The resulting
material contained 30% crude protein,
59% ash, 10% fat, and 25.7% calcium.
Chicks performed better when their diets
contained 5% hatchery waste than 3.3%
meat and bone meal.
|
| 237 |
Meeting
Abstract. Hatchery by-products from a
broiler and a leghorn hatchery were fed
to layers in balanced diets. The amino
acid and calcium availabilities were
comparable to those from soybean meal,
meat and bone meal, and limestone.
|
| 238 |
Meeting
Abstract. Egg shell meal from an egg
breaking plant was compared to limestone
in balanced diets. Egg production was
similar for the two calcium sources,
although very poor by modern standards.
|
| 239 |
This
appears to be the same experiments as
described in paper #237, although the
authorship is slightly different. The
two products were "ground, heated
and dehydrated". Further details
of processing conditions were not presented.
|
| 240 |
Egg
shell meals prepared by two different
methods were compared in laying hen diets.
The processing equipment, but not conditions,
was detailed. The amino acid availabilities
were very good and the calcium availability
was equivalent to limestone.
|
| 242 |
This
article describes engineering challenges
for treating egg shell waste from breaking
plants. Processing costs and meal value
are discussed.
|
| 246 |
In
this study hatchery by-product meal was
compared to poultry by-product meal in
laying hen diets. The hatchery by-product
meal used supported excellent performance,
even at 15% inclusion when it supplied
4% protein and 37% calcium to the diet.
|
| 247 |
The
hatchery by-product meal used contained
26% protein and 20.9% calcium. When 4.6%
of the hatchery by-product meal was incorporated
into corn and soybean meal based diets,
broiler performance improved, suggesting
an unidentified growth factor.
|
| 286 |
The
poultry hatchery waste fed here was described
as being "cooked" 2:1, waste:
water. No other details of the cooking
were presented. The product contained
22.8% crude protein and 22.6% calcium.
Broilers and layers performed comparably
to controls when fed 5 and 12% of the
waste, respectively.
|
| 290 |
Classic
article pointing out that when properly
processed (sterilized and ground) eggshells
are as good a source of calcium as limestone
or oyster shells for chicks and layers.
|
| 302 |
This
is a short, popular press article describing
an experiment with broiler and egg type
hatchery waste by-product meals for layers.
Processing conditions are not detailed
in this article. Both meals supported
excellent layer performance when incorporated
in the diets at 8 or 16%.
|
| 358 |
Hatchery
wastes boiled in water for about 30 minutes
and then dried at 100°C for 20 hours
contained 42% crude protein, 42% ether
extract, and 3.9% ash. Broilers performed
very well when the waste was included
in starter and finisher diets at 10 and
7%, respectively. It is difficult to
compare this product to other hatchery
wastes since it is so low in ash (and
therefore calcium).
|
|
Hatchery
Wastes for Goats (Back
to Top.)
|
| 264 |
Hatchery
waste, when substituted for rice husk,
improved intake and dry matter digestibility
of dwarf goats.
|
|
Hen
Meal Composition (Back
to Top.)
|
| 176 |
This
paper describes the chemical composition,
unit density, durability, color and microbiological
plate counts of spent hens after they
were ground, blended with soybean meal
(25:75, 50:50, or 75:25), and extruded.
The products all contained about 52%
crude protein and 7-8% ash, but 4.6,
9.4, and 15.8% fat for 25, 50 and 75%
hen meal, respectively. Plate counts
were significantly lower for the 50:50
blend.
|
| 315 |
This
is a very nice review on the utilization
of spent hens for human food. There is
interesting comparative data on light
versus heavy type hens.
|
|
Hen
Meal for Poultry (Back
to Top.)
|
| 30 |
Spent
hen meals produced in three locations
were compared. Processing parameters
were not detailed. Meals were incorporated
into diets at 0, 5, 10 or 15% at the
expense of soybean meal, poultry oil
and limestone. The authors conclude that
10% of the meal can be fed to achieve
acceptable performance. However, body
weights were reduced by 1/3 of a pound
(169 g) by feeding 10% of the meal. Although
this weight loss was "not significantly
different" from the controls, it
suggests that much more investigation
is necessary to determine the cost-benefit
ratio of the product. One source gave
excellent results at 10% inclusion, so
processing conditions may be critical
to determining the products value.
|
| 37 |
This
paper contains analytical data on spent
hen meals produced at three different
plants over a 27 week period. Processing
conditions are not reported. Interestingly,
variability in pepsin digestibility was
not related to differences in amino acid
digestibility determined in vivo.
|
| 40 |
Spent
hen meals prepared by different methods
were compared. Methods were well defined
and are detailed in paper 278. Feeding
10% of the spent hen meals improved the
post-molt performance of layers. Thus
the products were fine, but it raises
the question of what was lacking in the
basal corn-based diet? The beneficial
effect of the spent hen meals was probably
related to their protein content. Performance
was best when a 16% corn and soybean
meal based diet was fed.
|
| 278 |
This
is an important study with well defined
products showing "the nutritional
quality may vary greatly among samples".
Since different types of equipment and
different processing times and temperatures
were used, the reasons for differences
in quality are not apparent.
|
| 287 |
Spent
hen meals produced under different conditions
were compared. Broilers fed diets containing
3-9% of the meals performed as well as
or better than controls, indicating that
the meals were as good as or better than
the corn and soybean meal that they replaced.
|
| 323 |
This
is a very nice popular press article
giving information on a particular process
for producing spent hen meal and the
economics of doing so.
|
|
Blood
Meal for Ruminants (Back
to Top.)
|
| 288 |
Poultry,
blood and feather meals were compared
as protein supplements for dairy heifers
fed corn silage. No differences were
found among the poultry by-products blends
and soybean meal, fish meal or meat and
bone meal. In this study the diets were
available for ad libitum consumption.
|
| 84 |
Cattle
fed molasses containing feather meal
had faster gains, and heifers had heavier
live weights at breeding and higher pregnancy
rates than cattle fed molasses and urea.
There was an advantage to combining blood
and feather meals.
|
| 244 |
This
early study compared two samples each
of hydrolyzed feather meal, poultry by-products
meal and poultry blood meal to fish meal,
soybean meal and animal meat scrap in
diets for broilers and layers. The best
broiler growth came from chicks fed diets
supplemented with the hydrolyzed feather
meal. Egg production was poor by modern
standards for layers whether given a
protein supplement or not. Feed conversion
was improved by feeding 3% hydrolyzed
feather meal.
|
| 4002 |
This
is a single page summary that concludes: "The
data are consistent with a need to feed
higher quantities of UIP in early lactation
in diets with recommended levels of fiber".
The actual amounts of feather and blood
meals (or other diet ingredients) were
not presented
|
| 4015 |
Abstract
only: This study is not really about
feather or blood meals since they were
in the basal diet, but there were no
controls. The study is a 2 x 2 factorial
with two levels of urea and two levels
of a fat supplement. All cows performed
the same.
|
| 4019 |
Industry
Summary Only - Results of two trials
with mixed results: Feather meal was
a superior supplement to urea in both
trials, however, feather meal and blood
was better than feather meal alone in
molasses-based supplement for steers
in one trial but not the other.
|
| 4020 |
Industry
Summary Only - Very little specific data
on cows or conditions used. It is emphasized
that too much or too little by-products
can inhibit performance.
|
| 4021 |
Industry
Summary Only - In the first study, feather
meal and blood meal were substituted
into dairy rations at 16% crude protein.
Milk yields were lower in cows fed the
animal by-products, but the authors concluded
the study was invalid because there was
no appropriate statistical test. In a
second study, no statistical differences
were found in intake; milk production
results weren't mentioned.
|
| 4022 |
Industry
Summary Only - Very interesting study
on the responses of steers to feather
and blood meals for calves from weaning
to finishing. In two different years,
responses to protein supplements were
dependent on the energy source fed: dry
rolled corn or dry rolled corn plus wet
corn gluten feed. The authors conclude
that escape protein supplementation may
be necessary to ensure maximum performance.
|
| 4024 |
Very
interesting and well described study
of cows fed a control diet or feather
meal on a commercial farm. Unfortunately
diet information, even how much feather
meal was fed, was not given. Basically,
there was no effect of feather meal on
milk production, but feather meal increased
milk protein and decreased milk fat.
If data from cows more than 280 days
postpartum was omitted, then milk fat
also increased. If cows starting the
trial less than 30 days postpartum were
eliminated from the data set, then there
were no significant differences in milk
fat or protein. Data suggest it is important
to know what part of the milking cycle
cows are in when analyzing experiments.
|
| 4026 |
Industry
Summary Only - An 85:15 feather meal:
blood meal supplement increased milk
production and protein when fed with
a 17.5 but not 19.6% crude protein diet.
Cows were in early lactation and fed
alfalfa silage. The authors conclude
that milk producers can feed less protein
if a feather meal: blood meal supplement
included in the ration.
|
| 4027 |
Industry
Summary Only - No details of the trials
were given. The authors concluded that
feather meal cystine will not improve
milk production or composition in methionine-limiting
diets.
|
| 4038 |
Although
there are a number of reports on feeding
feather meal and blood meal to ruminants,
this is one of a few that investigates
the best combination of feather and blood
meals. Results from two growth trials
with calves show that about an 85:15
feather meal to blood meal mixture maximizes
protein efficiency, there is a strong
complimentary effect between the two.
|
| 4039 |
The
first part of this report deals with
processing. It was found that the best
results are obtained when feather and
blood meals are processed separately.
Protein digestibility was reduced when
blood meal was hydrolyzed with feather
meal; when processed separately, no differences
between feather meal, blood meal, and
soybean meal could be detected in protein
digestibility. In the last part of the
report, blood meal and the blood meal/feather
meal combination were shown to be the
best protein sources. The appropriate
protein supplement is an economic choice
based on the relative costs of the ingredients.
|
| 5005 |
In
these studies, no differences were observed
in protein digestion or efficiency of
utilization between feather meal and
blood combinations, and soybean meal.
Mature steers and growing lambs and calves
were used in the trials. Blood and hydrolyzed
feather meal supplements gave excellent
results, although the precise economic
value of feather and blood meal combinations
are unknown.
|
| 5007 |
This
is an industry summary of paper #196
discussing practical implications of
the research. The data illustrate the
inverse relationship between rumen degradability
and intestinal absorption.
(Back to Top.) |
