The Poultry Protein & Fat Council was established in 1989 by quality poultry byproduct renderers to
promote research and use of this valuable feed ingredient.


 

Alphabetical Listing of Literature Papers

 

Folder File Article
     
14 334 Acker, R. F., P. A. Hartman, J. R. Pemberton, and L. Y. Quinn, 1959. The nutritional potential of poultry offal. Poultry Sci. 38:706-711. 
10 4037 Adams, D., T. Klopfenstein, and B. Teichert, 2000. Feather meal in grazing systems for gestating beef heifers, in: Poultry Protein & Fat Council research. University of Nebraska. 
8 166 Aderibigbe, A. O., and D. C. Church, 1983. Feather and hair meals for ruminants. I. Effect of degree of processing on utilization of feather meal. J. Anim. Sci. 56:1198-1207. 
9 202 Aderibigbe, A. O., and D. C. Church, 1983. Feather and hair meals for ruminants. II. Comparative evaluation of feather and hair meals as protein supplements. J. Anim. Sci. 57:473-482. 
9 203 Aderibigbe, A. O., and D. C. Church, 1983. Feather meals and hair meals for ruminants. III. Relationship between enzymatic or in vitro rumen digestibility and in vivo digestibility of diets containing feather and hair meals. J. Anim. Sci. 47:483-494. 
9 204 Alexis, M. N., E. Papaparaskeva-Papoutsoglou, and V. Theochari, 1985. Formulation of practical diets for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) made by partial or complete substitution of fish meal by poultry by-products and certain plant by-products. Aquaculture 50:61-73. 
  378 Al-Zarban SS, Al-Musallam AA, Abbas IH, et al. Noteworthy salt-loving actinomycetes from Kuwait KUWAIT J SCI ENG 29 (1): 99-109 JUN 2002
13 303 Andrews, R. J., and D. Lewis, 1970. The utilization of dietary fats by ruminants. I. The digestibility of some commercially available fats. J. Agric. Sci. 75:47-53. 
13 304 Andrews, R. J., and D. Lewis, 1970. The utilization of dietary fats by ruminants. II. The effect of fatty acid chain length and unsaturation on digestibility. J. Agric. Sci. 75:55-60. 
5 114 Andrighetto, I., and L. Bailoni, 1994. Effect of different animal protein sources on digestive and metabolic parameters and milk production in dairy goats. Small Ruminant Res. 13:127-132.
13 305 Anonymous, 1995. Alternatives for leghorn hen disposition: Rendering at the farm. World Poultry-Misset 11:77-79. 
2 34 Aoyagi, S., D. H. Baker, and K. J. Wedekind, 1993. Estimates of copper bioavailability from liver of different animal species and from feed ingredients derived from plants and animals. Poultry Sci. 72:1746-1755. 
4 89 Aoyagi, S., K. M. Hiney, and D. H. Baker, 1995. Copper availability in pork liver and in various animal by-products as determined by chick bioassay. J. Anim. Sci. 73:799-804. 
  379 Apple JK, Boger CB, Brown DC, et al. Effect of feather meal on live animal performance and carcass quality and composition of growing-finishing swine J ANIM SCI 81 (1): 172-181 JAN 2003
14 335 Arvat, V., and S. W. Hinners, 1973. Evaluation of egg shells as a low cost calcium source for laying hens. Poultry Sci. 52:1996. 
13 329 Association American Feed Control Officials, 1973. Chapter 9. Animal Products, p. 71-72. 
  380 Avramis CA, Wang H, McBride BW, et al. Physical and processing properties of milk, butter, and Cheddar cheese from cows fed supplemental fish meal J DAIRY SCI 86 (8): 2568-2576 AUG 2003
3 68 Awonorin, S. O., F. O. Bamiro, J. A. Ayoade, and L. O. Oyewole, 1995. Relationship of rendering process temperature and time to selected quality parameters of poultry by-product meal. Food Science and Technology 28:129-134. 
13 323 Bachmann, W., 1995. Homemade protein: recycling poultry into feed. Feed Management 46(1):27-30. 
7 149 Baker, D. H., R. C. Blitenthal, K. P. Boebel, G. L. Czarnecki, L. L. Southern, and G. M. Willis, 1981. Protein-amino acid evaluation of steam-processed feather meal. Poultry Sci. 60:1865-1872. 
14 336 Balloun, S. L., and J. K. Khajarern, 1974. The effects of whey and yeast on digestibility of nutrients in feather meal. Poultry Sci. 53:1084-1095. 
2 33 Barbour, G. W., and R. Nemasetoni, M. S. Lilburn, M. Werling, and A. G. Yersin, 1995. The effect of enzyme predigestion on the quality of poultry by-product meal from whole turkey mortality. Poultry Sci. 74:1180-1190. 
  381 Barbour GW, Werling M, Yersin AG, et al. The effect of enzyme predigestion on the nutritional quality of prepressed turkey feather meal POULTRY SCI 81 (7): 1032-1037 JUL 2002
  382 Bargo F, Rearte DH, Santini FJ, et al. Ruminal digestion by dairy cows grazing winter oats pasture supplemented with different levels and sources of protein J DAIRY SCI 84 (10): 2260-2272 OCT 2001
13 327 Barrick, E. R., 1969. Use of meat and bone meal and feather meal for ruminants. Feedstuffs March 15, 1969:41-42. 
13 306 Batterham, E. S., R. E. Darnell, L. S. Herbert, and E. J. Major, 1986. Effect of pressure and temperature on the availability of lysine in meat and bone meal as determined by slope-ratio assays with growing pigs, rats and chicks and by chemical techniques. Br. J. Nutr. 55:441-453.
7 161 Bednarski, W., M. Adamczak, J. Kowalewska-Piontas, and R. Zadernowski, 1994. Biotechnological methods for the up-grading an modification of animal waste fats. Acta Biotechnol. 4:387-393. 
11 264 Belewu, M. A., H. A. Akinladenu, 1998. A note on the apparent digestibility of rice husk and hatchery by-product meal based diets fed to West African dwarf goats. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 13:197-200. 
14 337 Bellaver, C., C. Parsons, and R. A. Easter, 1998. Estimates of true amino acid digestibilities in feed ingredients using precision-fed, cecectomized roosters. Pesq. agropec. bras. 33(5):731-736. 
  383 Bernal C, Vidal L, Valdivieso E, et al. Keratinolytic activity of Kocuria rosea WORLD J MICROB BIOT 10 (3): 255-261 APR 2003
  384 Bertsch A, Alvarez R, Coello N Nutritional evaluation of Kocuria rosea fermented feather meal as an alternative protein source in poultry feed REV CIENT-FAC CIEN V 13 (2): 139-145 MAR-APR 2003
12 273 Bhargava, K. K., and J. B. O’Neil, 1975. Composition and utilization of poultry by-product and hydrolyzed feather meal in broiler diets. Poultry Sci. 54:1511-1518. 
3 62 Bielorai, R., B. Josif, H. Neumark, and E. Alumnot, 1982. Low nutritional value of feather-meal protein for chicks. J. Nutr. 112:249-254. 
4 74 Bielorai, R., Z. Harduf, B. Iosif, and E. Alumot, 1983. Apparent amino acid absorption from feather meal by chicks. Br. J. Nutr. 49:395-399. 
14 338 Binkley, C. H., and O. R. Vasak, 1951. A friable meal produced from feathers. Amer. Egg Poultry Rev. 12:68-72. 
1 25 Bishop, C. D., R. A. Angus, and S. A. Watts, 1995. The use of feather meal as a replacement for fish meal in the diet of Oreochromis niloticus fry. Bioresource Technol. 54:291-295. 
2 35 Blake, J. P., and J. O. Donald, 1992. Alternatives for the disposal of poultry carcasses. Poultry Sci. 71:1130-1135. 
10 4014 Blake, J. P., D. E. Conner, and J. O. Donald, 1992. Fermentation of poultry carcasses prior to rendering, in: Poultry Protein & Fat Council research. Dept. Poultry Sci., Auburn University.
7 143 Blasi, D. A., T. J. Klopfenstein, J. S. Drouillard, and M. H. Sindt, 1991. Hydrolysis time as a factor affecting the nutritive value of feather meal and feather meal-blood meal combinations for growing calves. J. Anim. Sci. 69:1272-1278. 
6 130 Bockle, B., D. Galunsky, and R. Muller, 1995. Characterization of a keratinolytic serine proteinase from Streptomyces pactum DSM 40530. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:3705-3710.
1 16 Bohnert, D. W., B. T. Larson, M. L. Bauer, A. F. Branco, K. R. McLeod, D. L. Harmon, and G. E. Mitchell, Jr., 1998. Nutritional evaluation of poultry by-product meal as a protein source for ruminants: Effects on performance and nutrient flow and disappearance in steers. J. Anim. Sci. 76:2474-2484. 
1 11 Bohnert, D. W., B. T. Larson, M. L. Bauer, A. F. Branco, K. R. McLeod, D. L. Harmon, and G. E. Mitchell, Jr., 1999. Nutritional evaluation of poultry by-product meal as a protein source for ruminants: Small intestinal amino acid flow and disappearance in steers. J. Anim. Sci 17:1000-1007. 
2 38 Boling, S. D., and J. D. Firman, 1997. Rendered by-products as soybean meal replacement in turkey rations. J. Appl. Poultry Res. 6:210-215. 
11 260 Bouzovaia, M., and J. Rekhis, 1994. Trials of meals from animal origin in broilers in Tunisia. Revue Méd. Vét. 145:581-585. 
  385 Bransden MP, Carter CG, Nowak BF Effects of dietary protein source on growth, immune function, blood chemistry and disease resistance of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr ANIM SCI 73: 105-113 Part 1 AUG 2001
9 205 Britton, D. E., J. M. Vandepopuliere, and O. J. Cotterill, 1986. Deep-fat frying inedible eggs for use in animal feeds. Poultry Sci. 65:935-939. 
4 81 Brown, W. F., and F. M. Pate, 1997. Cottonseed meal or feather meal supplementation of ammoniated tropical grass hat for yearling cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 75:1666-1673. 
  386 Brown WF, Adjei MB Urea and(or) feather meal supplementation for yearling steers grazing limpograss (Hemarthria altissima var. "Floralta") pasture J ANIM SCI 79 (12): 3170-3176 DEC 2001
5 108 Bunting, L. D., F. M. Fernandez, R. J. Fornea, T. W. White, M. A. Froetschel, J. D. Stone, and K. Ingawa, 1996. Seasonal effects of supplemental fat or undegradable protein on the growth and metabolism of Holstein calves. J. Dairy Sci. 79:1611-1620. 
1 6 Bureau, D. P., A. M. Harris, and C. Y. Cho, 1999. Apparent digestibility of rendered animal protein ingredients for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 180:345-358. 
13 324 Burgos, A., J. I. Floyd, and E. L. Stephenson, 1974. The amino acid content and availability of different samples of poultry by-product meal, and feather meal. Poultry Sci. 53:198-203.
14 339 Cabel, M. C., T. L. Goodwin, and P. W. Waldroup, 1987. Reduction in abdominal fat content of broiler chickens by the addition of feather meal to finisher diets. Poultry Sci. 66:1644-1651. 
8 167 Cabel, M. C., T. L. Goodwin, and P. W. Waldroup, 1988. Feather meal as a nonspecific nitrogen source for abdominal fat reduction in broilers during the finishing period. Poultry Sci. 67:300-306. 
8 169 Cai, T., and J. E. Sander, 1995. Fermentation mixture formulation and the preservation of poultry carcasses. J. Appl. Poultry Res. 4:88-93. 
8 168 Cai, T., O. C. Pancorbo, H. M. Barnhart, J. E. Sander, and W. C. Merka, 1994. Chemical and microbiological characteristics of poultry processing by-products, waste, and poultry carcasses during lactic acid fermentation. J. Appl. Poultry Res. 3:49-60. 
13 307 Cai, T., O. C. Pancorbo, W. C. Merka, J. E. Sander, and H. M. Barnhart, 1994. Stabilization of poultry processing by-products and waste and poultry carcasses through lactic acid fermentation. J. Appl. Poultry Res. 3:17-25. 
4 87 Calsamiglia, S., and M. D. Stern, 1995. A three-step in vitro procedure for estimating intestinal digestion of protein in ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 73:1459-1465. 
4 88 Calsamiglia, S., M. D. Stern, and J. L. Firkins, 1995. Effects of protein source on nitrogen metabolism in continuous culture and intestinal digestion in vitro. J. Anim. Sci. 73:1819-1827.
4 82 Calsamiglia, S., M. D. Stern, and J. L. Firkins, 1996. Comparison of nitrogen-15 and purines as microbial markers in continuous culture. J. Anim. Sci. 74:1375-1381. 
7 160 Campbell, K. L., G. L. Czarnecki-Maulden, and D. J. Schaeffer, 1995. Effects of animal and soy fats and proteins in the diet on fatty acid concentrations in the serum and skin of dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 56:1465-1469. 
13 308 Cecava, M. J., and D. L. Hancock, 1994. Effects of anabolic steroids on nitrogen metabolism and growth of steers fed corn silage and corn-based diets supplemented with urea or combinations of soybean meal and feathermeal. J. Anim. Sci. 75:515-522. 
10 4020 Cecava, M. J., and T. R. Johnson, 1993. Intestinal supply of nitrogen and amino acids in lactating cows fed hydrolyzed poultry feathermeal and blood meal, in: Poultry Protein & Fat Council research. Dept. Animal Sciences, Purdue University. 
1 29 Chamberlain, D. G., J.-J. Choung, and S. Robertson, 1992. Protein nutrition of dairy cows receiving grass silage diets: Effects of feeding a protein supplement of unbalanced amino acid composition. J. Sci. Food Agric. 60:425-430. 
  387 Chendrimada TP, Neto MG, Pesti GM, et al. Determination of the betaine content of feed ingredients using high-performance liquid chromatography J SCI FOOD AGR 82 (13): 1556-1563 OCT 2002
3 60 Chiba, L. I., H. W. Ivey, K. A. Cummins, and B. E. Gamble, 1995. Effects of hydrolyzed feather meal as a source of extra dietary nitrogen on growth performance and carcass traits of finisher pigs. Animal Feed Sci. Technol. 53:1-16. 
3 58 Chiba, L. I., H. W. Ivey, K. A. Cummins, and B. E. Gamble, 1996. Hydrolyzed feather meal as a source of amino acids for finisher pigs. Animal Feed Sci. Technol. 57:15-24. 
3 59 Chiou, P. W-S., K-J. Chen, K-S. Ku, J-C. Hsu, and B. Yu, 1995. Studies on the protein degradabilities of feedstuffs in Taiwan. Animal Feed Sci. Technol. 55:215-226. 
6 128 Choi, J.-M., and P. V. Nelson, 1996. Developing a slow-release nitrogen fertilizer from organic sources: II. Using poultry feathers. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 121:634-638. 
6 121 Chong, C., 2000. Response of little-leaf linden and honey locust to rates of organic and mineral nitrogen. HortScience 35:144. 
5 110 Choung, J.-J., and D. G. Chamberlain, 1995. Effects of abomasal infusions of sodium caseinate and of casein hydrolysates varying in the relative proportions of peptides and free amino acids on milk production in diary cows. J. Dairy Res. 62:423-429. 
1 26 Choung, J.-J., and D. G. Chamberlain, 1995. The effects of intravenous supplements of amino acids on the milk production of dairy cows consuming grass silage and a supplement containing feather meal. J. Sci. Food Agric. 68:265-270. 
12 275 Christmas, R. B., B. L. Damron, and M. D. Ouart, 1996. The performance of commercial broilers when fed various levels of rendered whole-hen meal. Poultry Sci. 75:536-539.
4 100 Chung, T. K., and D. H. Baker, 1992. Methionine requirement of pigs between 5 and 20 kilograms body weight. J. Anim. Sci. 70:1857-1863. 
8 170 Church, D. C., D. A. Daugherty, and W. H. Kennick, 1982. Nutritional evaluation of feather and hair meals as protein sources for ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 54:337-344. 
  388 Clapper GM, Grieshop CM, Merchen NR, et al. Ileal and total tract nutrient digestibilities and fecal characteristics of dogs as affected by soybean protein inclusion in dry, extruded diets J ANIM SCI 79 (6): 1523-1532 JUN 2001
12 272 Coello, N., L. Vidal, and A. Bretana, 2000. Isolation of a poultry-degrading Kocuria rosea strain. Revista Cientifica, Revista Cientifica 10:107-113. 
14 369 Combs, G. E., W. L. Alsmeyer, and H. D. Wallace, 1958. Feather meal as a source of protein for growing-finishing swine. J. Anim. Sci. 17:468-472. 
13 309 Corbin, J. E., 1992. Inedible meat, poultry and fish by-products in pet foods. I. Importance of inedible meat by-products in pet foods. In: A. M. Pearson and T. R. Dutson (eds.) Inedible meat by-products: Advances in meat research.. Vol. 8, pp. 329-347. Elsevier Applied Science, London. 
5 111 Cozzi, G., I. Andrighetto, P. Berzaghi, and D. Andreoli, 1995. Feather and blood meal as partial replacer of soybean meal in protein supplements for sheep. Small Ruminant Res. 15:239-245.
14 340 Cullen, M. P., O. G. Rasmussen, and O.H.M. Wilder, 1962. Metabolizable energy value and utilization of different types and grades of fat by the chick. Poultry Sci. 41:360-367.
5 112 Cunningham, K. D., M. J. Cecava, and T. R. Johnson, 1994. Flows of nitrogen and amino acids in dairy cows fed diets containing supplemental feather meal and blood meal. J. Dairy Sci. 77:3666-3675. 
8 171 Cupo, M. A., and A. L. Cartwright, 1991. The effect of feather meal on carcass composition and fat pad cellularity in broilers: Influence of the calorie:protein ratio of the diet. Poultry Sci. 70:153-159. 
8 172 Daghir, N. J., 1975. Studies on poultry by-product meals in broiler and layer rations. World’s Poultry sci. J. 31:200-211. 
14 377 Dale, N., 1992. True metabolizable energy of feather meal. J. Appl. Poultry Res. 1(3):331-334.
12 276 Dale, N., B. Fancher, M. Zumbado, and A. Villacres, 1993. Metabolizable energy content of poultry offal meal. Appl. Poultry Res. 2:40-42. 
14 341 Dalev, P., 1990. An enzyme-alkaline hydrolysis of feather keratin for obtaining a protein concentrate for fodder. Biotechnol. Ltrs. 12(1):71-72. 
12 277 Dalev, P., I. Ivanov, and A. Liubomirova, 1997. Enzymic modification of feather keratin hydrolysates with lysine aimed at increasing the biological value. J. Sci. Fd. Agric. 73:242-244. 
8 173 Daugherty, D. A., and D. C. Church, 1982. In vivo and in vitro evaluation of feather and hair meals in combination with urea for ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 54:345-352. 
14 342 Davies, J., 1989. Low cost extrusion solves wet waste problems. Poultry-Misset 5(5):27-29. 
13 328 Davis, J. G., E. P. Mecchi, and H. Lineweaver, 1961. Processing of poultry byproducts and their utilization in feeds. Part I. Processing of poultry by-products. Utilization Research Report No. 3:1-21. USDA Washington, D.C. 
3 54 de M. Marichl, M., M. Carriquiry, R. Pereda, and R. San Martin, 2000. Protein degradability and intestinal digestibility of blood meals: comparison of two processing methods. Animal Feed Sci. Technol. 88:91-101. 
  389 De Macedo M, Segura R, Bonilla JP, et al. Obtaining of a protein-hydrolysate by submerged fermentation of feathers using Bacillus spp REV CIENT-FAC CIEN V 12 (3): 214-220 MAY-JUN 2002
  390 de Oliveira MMM, Sanchez LMB, Junior FMV, et al. Evaluation of fish and feather meals for confined dairy calves weaned through diets calculated in terms of crude protein or metabolizable protein REV BRAS ZOOTECN 31 (3): 1571-1581 Suppl. S MAY-JUN 2002
  391 De Toni CH, Richter MF, Chagas JR, et al. Purification and characterization of an alkaline serine endopeptidase from feather-degrading Xanthomonas maltophilia strain CAN J MICROBIOL 48 (4): 342-348 APR 2002
  392 Degani G Availability of protein and energy from three protein sources in hybrid sturgeon Acipenser guldenstadti x A-bester AQUAC RES 33 (9): 725-727 JUL 28 2002
10 5007 Degussa Corporation, 1990. Blood meal - an interesting source of amino acids for dairy cows. Literature Digest for the Feedstuffs Industry, in: Poultry Protein & Fat Council research. Allendale, NJ. 
8 174 Deshmukh, A. C., and P. H. Patterson, 1997. Preservation of hatchery waste by lactic acid fermentation. 1. Laboratory scale fermentation. Poultry Sci. 76:1212-1219. 
2 32 Deshmukh, A. C., and P. H. Patterson, 1997. Preservation of hatchery waste by lactic acid fermentation. 2. Large-scale fermentation and feeding trial to evaluate feeding value. Poultry Sci. 76:1220-1226. 
14 374 Dhar, S.C., and s. Sreenivasulu, 1984. Studies on the use of dehairing enzyme for its suitability in the preparation of improved animal feed. Leather Sci. 31:261-267.
  393 do Nascimento AH, Gomes PC, Albino LFT, et al. Chemical composition and metabolizable energy values of feather meal and poultry by-product meal determined by different methodologies for chickens REV BRAS ZO395OTECN 31 (3): 1409-1417 Suppl. S MAY-JUN 2002
1 10 Dong, F. M., R. W. Hardy, N. F. Haard, F. T. Barrows, B. A. Rasco, W. T. Fairgrieve, and I.  P. Forster, 1993. Chemical composition and protein digestibility of poultry by-product meals for salmonid diets. Aquaculture 116:149-158. 
1 8 Dong, F. M., W. T. Fairgrieve, D. I. Skonberg, and B. A. Rasco, 1993. Preparation and nutrient analyses of lactic acid bacterial ensiled salmon viscera. Aquaculture 109:351-366. 
6 137 Dossow, A. V., and W. Máller, 1992. Der Einflu$ verschiedener organischer und anorganischer Stäube auf die Tenazität von e. Coli und St. aureus auf Keimsträgern. Mh. Vet.-Med. 47:521-528. 
13 325 Doty, D. M., 1969. Nutritional constituents in animal and poultry by-product meals. Feedstuffs March 15, 1969:24. 
12 278 Douglas, M. W., M. L. Johnson, and C. M. Parsons, 1997. Evaluation of protein and energy quality of rendered spent hen meals. Poultry Sci. 76:1387-1391. 
  394 Downs KM, Hess JB, Blake JP, et al. Suitability of a dehydrated poultry mortality-soybean meal product for use in broiler chicken diets J APPL POULTRY RES 12 (2): 222-228 SUM 2003
9 206 Drake, D. A., K. A. Foster, T. W. Perry, and D. C. Petritz, 1993. An economic analysis of alternative feeds in midwestern beef cattle finishing rations. J. Sustainable Agric. 4:21-39. 
13 311 Draper, C. I., 1944. The nutritive value of corn oil meal and feather protein. Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bul. 326, Iowa State College, Ames, IA. 
11 259 Duff, G. C., A. L. Goetsch, K. K. Park, D. L. Galloway, Sr., M. Rinne, and A. R. Patil, 1995. Feed intake and digestion by Holstein steers consuming low-protein forage supplemented with different nitrogen sources. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 7:115-128. 
14 343 Eggum, B. O., 1970. Evaluation of protein quality of feather meal under different treatments. Acta Agriculturae Scanndinavica 20:230-234. 
14 345 El Boushy, A. R., 1986. Local processing industries offer food and beneficial byproducts to developing countries. Feedstuffs, January, p. 36-37. 
12 279 El Boushy, A. R., A.F.B. van der Poel, and O.E.D. Walraven, 1990. Feather meal - a biological waste: Its processing and utilization as a feedstuff for poultry. Biological Wastes 32:39-74.
14 344 El Boushy, A. R., and A. E. Roodbeen, 1984. Amino acid availability in dry poultry waste in comparison with relevant feedstuffs. Poultry Sci. 63:583-585. 
14 346 El Boushy, A. R., and F.W.A. Vink, 1977. The value of dried poultry waste as a feedstuff in broiler diets. Feedstuffs, December, p. 24-26. 
9 207 El-Alaily, H. A., and M. Attia, 1978. Biological evaluation of hatchery byproduct as a protein supplement for growing chicks. Arch. Geflügelk. 42:133-135. 
14 347 Elmayergi, H., H., and R. E. Smith, 1971. Influence of growth of Streptomyces fradiae on pepsin-HCl digestibility and methionine content of feather meal. Can. J. Microbiol. 17:1067-1072. 
12 280 El-Sayed, A.-F. M., 1994. Evaluation of soybean meal, spirulina meal and chicken offal meal as protein sources for silver seabream (Rhabdosargus sarba) fingerlings. Aquaculture 127:169-176. 
6 129 El-Sayed, A-F M., 1998. Total replacement of fish meal with animal protein sources in Nile talapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), feeds. Aquaculture Res. 29:275-280. 
13 321 Engel, J. J., J. W. Smith, II, J. A. Unruh, R. D. Goodband, P. R. O’Quinn, M. D. Tokach, and J. L. Nelssen, 2001. Effects of choice white grease or poultry fat on growth performance, carcass leanness, and meat quality characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 79:1491-1501. 
10 4033 Engel, J. J., J. W. Smith, II, R. D. Goodband, M. D. Tokach, and J. Unruh, 1997. The influence of poultry fat and choice white grease on finishing pig growth performance and pork quality, in: Poultry Protein & Fat Council research. Dept. Animal Sci. & Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan. 
  395 Engin K, Carter CG Ingredient apparent digestibility coefficients for the Australian short-finned eel (Anguilla australis australis, Richardson) ANIM SCI 75: 401-413 Part 3 DEC 2002
5 104 England, M. L., G. A. Broderick, R. D. Shaver, and F. K. Combs, 1997. Comparison of in situ and in vitro techniques for measuring ruminal degradation of animal by-product proteins. J. Dairy Sci. 80:2925-2931. 
8 175 Erasmus, L. J., P. M. Botha, D. W. Druywagen, and H. H. Meissner, 1994. Amino acid profile and intestinal digestibility in dairy cows of rumin-undegradable protein from various feedstuffs. J. Dairy Sci. l77:541-551. 
12 281 Escalona P., R. R., G. M. Pesti, and P. D. Vaughters, 1986. Nutritive value of poultry by-product meal. 2. Comparisons of methods of determining protein quality. Poultry Sci. 65:2268-2280.
3 69 Fagbenro, O. A., 1996. Apparent digestibility of crude protein and gross energy in some plant and animal-based feedstuffs by Clarias isheriensis (Siluriformes: Clariidae) (Sydenham 1980). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 12:67-68. 
1 24 Fagbenro, O. A., and O. A. Bello-Olusoji, 1997. Preparation, nutrient composition and digestibility of fermented shrimp head silage. Food Chemistry 60:489-493. 
1 27 Fagbenro, O., and K. Jauncey, 1995. Growth and protein utilization by juvenile catfish (Clarias garienpinus) fed dry diets containing co-dried lactin-acid-fermented fish-silage and protein feedstuffs. Bioresource Technology 51:29-35. 
14 348 Fagbrenro, O. A., 1994. Dried fermented fish silage in diets for Oreochromis niloticus. Israeli J. Aquaculture-Bamidgeh 46(3):140-147. 
  396 Ferrell CL, Freetly HC, Goetsch AL, et al. The effect of dietary nitrogen and protein on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen flux across the portal-drained viscera and liver of sheep consuming high-concentrate diets ad libitum J ANIM SCI 79 (5): 1322-1328 MAY 2001
1 22 Ferrer, A., F. M. Byers, B. Sulbaràn de Ferrer, B. E. Dale, and S. S. Ricke, 1999. Increasing nutrient availability of feather meal for ruminants and non-ruminants using an ammonia pressurisationdepressurisation process. J. Sci. Food Agric. 79:828-832. 
14 375 Fielmich, E., 1987. Rendering: The neglected industry. Poultry International, Dec. 1987:44-52 
1 28 Fischer, K., P. Riemschneider, D. Bienick, and A. Kettrup, 1994. Food engineering residues: amino acid composition of hydrolysates and application for the decontamination of metal polluted soils. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 350:520-527. 
  397 Fontaine J, Horr J, Schirmer B Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy enables the fast and accurate prediction of the essential amino acid contents in soy, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, peas, fishmeal, meat meal products, and poultry meal J AGR FOOD CHEM 49 (1): 57-66 JAN 2001
14 376 Fowler, L. G., 1981. Effect of lipid and amino acid supplementation in chinook salmon diets containing poultry by-product meal. Abernathy Salmon Cultural Development Center, Technology Transfer Series No. 81-3:1-12.
14 349 Fowler, L. G., 1982. Tests with poultry by-product meal in fall chinook salmon diets. Abernathy Salmon Cultural Development Center, Technology Transfer Series No. 82-1:1-13. 
9 208 Fowler, L. G., 1990. Feather meal as a dietary protein source during parr-smolt transformation in fall chinook salmon. Aquaculture 89:301-314. 
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10 5001 Marketing Contacts Poultry Protein & Fat Council
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